{"version":"2026.09.22-3","asOf":"2026-09-22","traditions":[{"id":"utilitarian","name":"Utilitarian & consequentialist ethics","shortName":"Utilitarian","color":"#2868c7","description":"Includes substantial, documented use of consequentialist reasoning; branches and non-exclusive allegiances remain visible."},{"id":"christian","name":"Christian ethical traditions","shortName":"Christian","color":"#ad5741","description":"Quaker, Catholic, Protestant and other Christian moral arguments are distinguished in affiliations."},{"id":"kantian","name":"Kantian ethics","shortName":"Kantian","color":"#8252a4","description":"Kant and later writers working substantially with Kantian moral ideas."},{"id":"buddhist","name":"Buddhist ethical traditions","shortName":"Buddhist","color":"#bb871b","description":"Distinct Buddhist lineages and their interpretations of compassion and liberation."},{"id":"stoic","name":"Stoic & Neo-Stoic ethics","shortName":"Stoic","color":"#537564","description":"The historical window chiefly captures early modern revivals and later exponents."},{"id":"hindu","name":"Hindu ethical traditions","shortName":"Hindu","color":"#c16825","description":"Distinct Hindu traditions; affiliation requires substantive ethical argument rather than nominal membership."},{"id":"jain","name":"Jain ethics","shortName":"Jain","color":"#78923d","description":"Jain arguments concerning nonviolence and the moral status of living beings."},{"id":"existential","name":"Existentialist ethics","shortName":"Existentialist","color":"#aa4c7d","description":"A younger tradition included explicitly in the comparison."},{"id":"virtue","name":"Aristotelian & virtue ethics","shortName":"Virtue ethics","color":"#69719c","description":"Virtue, flourishing and capabilities approaches; modern developments are identified."},{"id":"liberal","name":"Liberal & rights-based ethics","shortName":"Rights-based","color":"#258b8a","description":"Natural rights, liberalism and republican rights arguments; not a claim of uniform doctrine."},{"id":"socialist","name":"Marxist & socialist ethics","shortName":"Socialist","color":"#b44c5b","description":"Marxist and socialist moral and political reasoning, including debates over the language of morality."},{"id":"confucian","name":"Confucian ethical traditions","shortName":"Confucian","color":"#857343","description":"Classical continuity and later reinterpretations; local contexts are retained."},{"id":"islamic","name":"Islamic ethical traditions","shortName":"Islamic","color":"#447c55","description":"Distinct Islamic reformist, theological and legal-ethical traditions."}],"domains":[{"id":"slavery","name":"Slavery and abolition","shortName":"Slavery","description":"Opposition to chattel enslavement. Voluntary contracts and penal labor require separate interpretation."},{"id":"racial","name":"Racial legal equality","shortName":"Racial equality","description":"Equal legal protection and civic rights without racial exclusion."},{"id":"colonial","name":"Colonial self-determination","shortName":"Self-determination","description":"Rights of colonized peoples to govern themselves."},{"id":"women","name":"Women’s legal and social equality","shortName":"Women’s equality","description":"Legal independence and equal opportunities; not automatically interchangeable with suffrage."},{"id":"suffrage","name":"Women’s suffrage","shortName":"Women’s suffrage","description":"Women’s entitlement to political representation and voting."},{"id":"religion","name":"Religious toleration","shortName":"Religious liberty","description":"Civil freedom of conscience and religion. Restrictions and exceptions matter."},{"id":"gay","name":"Homosexuality decriminalization","shortName":"Homosexuality decriminalization","description":"Removing criminal penalties for consensual adult same-sex relations."},{"id":"marriage","name":"Same-sex marriage equality","shortName":"Marriage equality","description":"Equal legal access to marriage; distinct from decriminalization."},{"id":"torture","name":"Torture and cruel punishment","shortName":"Torture","description":"Rejection of torture or deliberately cruel punishment."},{"id":"execution","name":"Abolition of capital punishment","shortName":"Capital punishment","description":"Ending state executions; qualified retention remains separate."},{"id":"children","name":"Protection of children","shortName":"Children’s protection","description":"Legal protection from exploitation and abuse."},{"id":"animals","name":"Animal welfare","shortName":"Animal welfare","description":"Moral concern for animals and opposition to unnecessary cruelty; not necessarily animal rights or vegetarianism."},{"id":"farmed","name":"Farmed-animal welfare","shortName":"Farmed animals","description":"Welfare of animals raised for human use; dietary claims need distinct qualification."},{"id":"extinction","name":"Human extinction risk","shortName":"Humanity starts to take extinction risks seriously","description":"Explicit concern with the possible end of humanity, distinct from generic duties to future generations."},{"id":"wild","name":"Wild-animal welfare","shortName":"Wild animals","description":"Concern for individual wild animals, including insects and naturally occurring suffering. Claims about insect sentience remain qualified."},{"id":"ai","name":"AI welfare","shortName":"AI welfare","description":"Possible welfare and moral status of artificial minds; concern can be conditional on sentience."}],"milestones":[{"id":"abolition","domainId":"slavery","name":"Abolition of slavery in selected countries and colonies","shortName":"Abolition of slavery","window":{"start":1833,"end":1888},"jurisdiction":"British colonies (1833–1838), French colonies (1848), US (1865), Brazil (1888)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"From Britain’s 1833 Slavery Abolition Act to Brazil’s 1888 Lei Áurea, with the end of British colonial apprenticeship in 1838, French colonial abolition in 1848, and US abolition in 1865. These selected reforms define the comparison interval, not the end of slavery worldwide.","sources":[{"title":"UK Parliament: abolition of slavery","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/tradeindustry/slavetrade/overview/abolition/"}],"reforms":[{"year":1833,"jurisdiction":"British colonies","chartLabel":"British colonies: abolition law","change":"Slavery Abolition Act passed; territorial exceptions and compulsory apprenticeship remained.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/tradeindustry/slavetrade/overview/abolition/"},{"year":1838,"jurisdiction":"British colonies","chartLabel":"British colonies: apprenticeship ended","change":"Compulsory apprenticeship ended in the covered colonies.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-west-indian-colonies-and-emancipation/"},{"year":1848,"jurisdiction":"French colonies","chartLabel":"French colonies: slavery abolished","change":"Decree abolished slavery in French colonies and possessions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.culture.gouv.fr/actualites/Archives-pleins-feux-sur-le-decret-de-1848-portant-abolition-de-l-esclavage"},{"year":1865,"jurisdiction":"US","chartLabel":"US: slavery abolished","change":"Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, retaining an exception for punishment after criminal conviction.","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment"},{"year":1888,"jurisdiction":"Brazil","chartLabel":"Brazil: slavery abolished","change":"Lei Áurea abolished slavery nationwide.","sourceUrl":"https://www.gov.br/arquivonacional/pt-br/canais_atendimento/imprensa/noticias/lei-aurea-faz-parte-do-acervo-do-arquivo-nacional"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"us1865","name":"United States: Thirteenth Amendment","window":{"start":1865,"end":1865},"jurisdiction":"United States","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/13th-amendment"}]},{"id":"racial-equality","domainId":"racial","name":"US civil and voting rights protections","shortName":"Racial legal equality","window":{"start":1964,"end":1965},"jurisdiction":"United States","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act. Formal legal milestones do not imply the disappearance of racism.","sources":[{"title":"Civil Rights Act (1964)","url":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/civil-rights-act"},{"title":"Voting Rights Act (1965)","url":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act"}]},{"id":"self-determination","domainId":"colonial","name":"Recognition of colonial self-determination","shortName":"Colonial self-determination","window":{"start":1945,"end":1960},"jurisdiction":"United Nations; international normative benchmark","measure":"institutions","kind":"historical","description":"From the UN Charter’s recognition of self-determination in 1945 to the declaration on colonial independence (Resolution 1514) in 1960. This interval tracks international recognition of the principle, not the completion of decolonization.","sources":[{"title":"United Nations: decolonization and the 1945 Charter","url":"https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/decolonization"},{"title":"UN Declaration, 14 December 1960","url":"https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/247990/files/A%28092%29_IN4-EN.pdf"}]},{"id":"women-equality","domainId":"women","name":"Legal prohibition of sex discrimination","shortName":"Women’s legal equality","window":{"start":1964,"end":1975},"jurisdiction":"United States (employment, 1964); Great Britain (1975 Act)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"A selected legal transition for equality of opportunity, not a claim that all forms of women’s subordination ended.","sources":[{"title":"Civil Rights Act, Title VII","url":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/civil-rights-act"},{"title":"Sex Discrimination Act 1975","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1975/65/enacted"}]},{"id":"votes-for-women","domainId":"suffrage","name":"Women’s suffrage in selected major countries","shortName":"Women’s suffrage","window":{"start":1918,"end":1950},"jurisdiction":"UK, Germany, US, Brazil, France, Japan, China, and India","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Selected national reforms from 1918 in the UK and Germany to India’s 1950 universal adult suffrage. Dates mark legal changes rather than the first election or the end of all exclusions. The UK’s 1918 reform was partial; racial, literacy, citizenship, and other barriers persisted in several countries. Formal suffrage does not by itself establish competitive democratic elections.","sources":[{"title":"UK Parliament: women get the vote","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/overview/thevote/"}],"reforms":[{"year":1918,"jurisdiction":"UK","chartLabel":"UK: partial suffrage, age 30+","change":"Women aged 30 or over meeting specified qualifications gained the parliamentary vote.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/overview/thevote/"},{"year":1918,"jurisdiction":"Germany","chartLabel":"Germany: equal voting rights","change":"Women gained equal voting rights under the November 1918 reforms; they first voted nationally in January 1919.","sourceUrl":"https://www.bundestag.de/besuche/ausstellungen/pol_parl/frauenwahlrecht"},{"year":1920,"jurisdiction":"US","chartLabel":"US: Nineteenth Amendment","change":"The Nineteenth Amendment prohibited denying voting rights on the basis of sex; racial and other barriers remained.","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/19th-amendment"},{"year":1928,"jurisdiction":"UK","chartLabel":"UK: equal voting age, 21+","change":"The Equal Franchise Act gave women the same voting qualifications as men.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/overview/thevote/"},{"year":1932,"jurisdiction":"Brazil","chartLabel":"Brazil: Electoral Code enfranchisement","change":"The 1932 Electoral Code recognized women’s voting rights; literacy and other exclusions limited the electorate.","sourceUrl":"https://www.tse.jus.br/servicos-eleitorais/glossario/termos/voto-da-mulher"},{"year":1944,"jurisdiction":"France","chartLabel":"France: equal voting rights","change":"The ordinance of 21 April 1944 recognized women as voters and candidates on the same terms as men; first voting followed in 1945.","sourceUrl":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/histoire-et-patrimoine/deuxieme-guerre-mondiale/l-accession-des-femmes-au-droit-de-vote"},{"year":1945,"jurisdiction":"Japan","chartLabel":"Japan: election-law reform","change":"The December 1945 election-law reform granted voting rights to women aged 20 or over; the first election followed in 1946.","sourceUrl":"https://www.ndl.go.jp/modern/e/cha5/description05.html"},{"year":1949,"jurisdiction":"China","chartLabel":"China: formal women’s suffrage","change":"The IPU dates women’s suffrage in China to 1949. This marks formal rights, not a finding of competitive democratic elections.","sourceUrl":"https://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htm"},{"year":1950,"jurisdiction":"India","chartLabel":"India: universal adult suffrage","change":"The Constitution established universal adult suffrage, including women regardless of caste, race, or income; the first general election followed in 1951–1952.","sourceUrl":"https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Empowerment%20of%20Women/16_Empowerment_of_Women_2.pdf?source=loksabhadocs"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"us1920","name":"United States: Nineteenth Amendment","window":{"start":1920,"end":1920},"jurisdiction":"United States; racial barriers persisted","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/19th-amendment"}]},{"id":"religious-freedom","domainId":"religion","name":"Religious liberty in selected Western countries","shortName":"Religious liberty","window":{"start":1689,"end":1919},"jurisdiction":"England (1689), Virginia / US (1786–1791), France (1905), Germany (1919)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Selected steps from England’s limited toleration of Protestant dissenters in 1689 to the Weimar Constitution’s guarantee of freedom of faith and conscience in 1919. The interval includes Virginia’s 1786 statute, the US First Amendment in 1791, and France’s 1905 protection of conscience and worship. These reforms had different scopes, exclusions, and later reversals; they do not establish a date of universal or permanent religious equality.","sources":[{"title":"UK Parliament: the Toleration Act of 1689","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/catholicsnonconformists-/"},{"title":"Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom","url":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/virginia-statute-religious-freedom/"},{"title":"US Bill of Rights: First Amendment","url":"https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript"},{"title":"France: Law of 9 December 1905, Article 1","url":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000508749/1905-12-11"},{"title":"Bundestag: Weimar Constitution, Article 135 (1919)","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/grundgesetz/1919-religionsfreiheit-641282"}],"reforms":[{"year":1689,"jurisdiction":"England","chartLabel":"England: limited Protestant toleration","change":"The Toleration Act permitted public worship for most Protestant dissenters under conditions. Catholics and some other groups remained excluded, and civil restrictions persisted.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/overview/catholicsnonconformists-/"},{"year":1786,"jurisdiction":"Virginia, US","chartLabel":"Virginia: freedom of religious belief","change":"The Virginia Statute protected religious belief and rejected compulsory support for religious worship.","sourceUrl":"https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/virginia-statute-religious-freedom/"},{"year":1791,"jurisdiction":"US federal government","chartLabel":"US: First Amendment","change":"The First Amendment prohibited federal establishment of religion and protected free exercise. Its original scope did not immediately remove state-level establishments or restrictions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript"},{"year":1905,"jurisdiction":"France","chartLabel":"France: conscience and worship protected","change":"Article 1 guaranteed freedom of conscience and religious worship subject to public-order restrictions. Territorial exceptions mean this was not uniform across all French jurisdictions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000508749/1905-12-11"},{"year":1919,"jurisdiction":"Germany","chartLabel":"Germany: faith and conscience protected","change":"Article 135 of the Weimar Constitution guaranteed freedom of faith and conscience to residents. The constitutional guarantee was not an assurance against later persecution.","sourceUrl":"https://www.bundestag.de/parlament/grundgesetz/1919-religionsfreiheit-641282"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"us1791","name":"United States: First Amendment","window":{"start":1791,"end":1791},"jurisdiction":"United States federal government","sourceUrl":"https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights-transcript"}]},{"id":"decriminalization","domainId":"gay","name":"Decriminalization of same-sex relations in selected jurisdictions","shortName":"Homosexuality decriminalization","window":{"start":1967,"end":2003},"jurisdiction":"England and Wales (1967) to United States (2003)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"From partial decriminalization in England and Wales in 1967 to Lawrence v. Texas in the United States in 2003. The 1967 Act covered only private acts between men aged 21 or over, with further exclusions. These selected endpoints do not mark worldwide decriminalization or full equality.","sources":[{"title":"Lawrence v. Texas (2003)","url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-102.pdf"},{"title":"Sexual Offences Act 1967","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/60/enacted"}],"reforms":[{"year":1967,"jurisdiction":"UK / England & Wales","chartLabel":"England & Wales: partial decriminalization","change":"Partial decriminalization of private consensual sex between men aged 21 or over; exclusions remained.","sourceUrl":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/60/enacted"},{"year":1969,"jurisdiction":"Canada","chartLabel":"Canada: partial decriminalization","change":"Partial decriminalization of private consensual sexual acts between two adults aged 21 or over.","sourceUrl":"https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/rights-lgbti-persons.html"},{"year":1994,"jurisdiction":"Germany","chartLabel":"Germany: Paragraph 175 repealed","change":"Paragraph 175 repealed, removing the remaining special criminal restrictions on male same-sex activity.","sourceUrl":"https://www.bpb.de/kurz-knapp/hintergrund-aktuell/180263/1994-homosexualitaet-nicht-mehr-strafbar/"},{"year":1997,"jurisdiction":"Australia / Tasmania","chartLabel":"Australia: last state decriminalized","change":"Tasmania became the last Australian state to decriminalize consensual same-sex activity.","sourceUrl":"https://www.ehos.tas.gov.au/"},{"year":2003,"jurisdiction":"US","chartLabel":"US: same-sex criminal bans struck down","change":"Lawrence v. Texas invalidated laws criminalizing private consensual adult same-sex intimacy.","sourceUrl":"https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USREPORTS-539/USREPORTS-539-558"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"us2003","name":"United States: Lawrence v. Texas","window":{"start":2003,"end":2003},"jurisdiction":"United States","sourceUrl":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-102.pdf"}]},{"id":"marriage-equality","domainId":"marriage","name":"Civil marriage equality in selected jurisdictions","shortName":"Marriage equality","window":{"start":2001,"end":2015},"jurisdiction":"Netherlands (2001) to United States (2015)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Two named milestones delimit this reference window, not every Western country’s adoption.","sources":[{"title":"Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)","url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/14-556"},{"title":"Dutch government: same-sex marriage","url":"https://www.government.nl/topics/marriage-cohabitation-agreement-civil-partnership/marriage-civil-partnership-and-cohabitation-agreements/same-sex-marriage"}]},{"id":"torture-ban","domainId":"torture","name":"International prohibition of torture","shortName":"Prohibition of torture","window":{"start":1948,"end":1984},"jurisdiction":"UN human-rights framework","measure":"institutions","kind":"historical","description":"UDHR Article 5 through the Convention Against Torture. This measures international codification, not the first abolition or actual elimination of torture.","sources":[{"title":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights"},{"title":"Convention against Torture (1984)","url":"https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-against-torture-and-other-cruel-inhuman-or-degrading"}]},{"id":"execution-abolition","domainId":"execution","name":"Death penalty abolition in selected Western countries","shortName":"Ending capital punishment","window":{"start":1867,"end":1998},"jurisdiction":"Portugal, West Germany, Great Britain / UK, Canada, and France; offense-specific reforms","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Selected reforms from Portugal’s abolition for civil crimes in 1867 to removal of the remaining death penalties in the UK and Canada in 1998. Dates distinguish ordinary crimes from complete abolition; they do not imply abolition throughout the West.","sources":[{"title":"House of Lords Library: abolition timeline","url":"https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lif-2015-0044/"}],"reforms":[{"year":1867,"jurisdiction":"Portugal","chartLabel":"Portugal: civil crimes","change":"Capital punishment abolished for civil crimes; complete abolition followed in the 1976 Constitution.","sourceUrl":"https://justica.gov.pt/Noticias/150-Anos-da-Abolicao-da-Pena-de-Morte-em-Portugal"},{"year":1949,"jurisdiction":"West Germany","chartLabel":"West Germany: constitutional abolition","change":"Article 102 of the Basic Law abolished the death penalty in the Federal Republic; this date does not apply to East Germany.","sourceUrl":"https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/1952-10-02-todesstrafe-209552"},{"year":1965,"jurisdiction":"Great Britain","chartLabel":"Great Britain: murder","change":"The death penalty for murder was abolished in Great Britain; other offenses remained capital crimes.","sourceUrl":"https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lif-2015-0044/"},{"year":1976,"jurisdiction":"Canada","chartLabel":"Canada: Criminal Code offenses","change":"The death penalty was removed from the Criminal Code; military offenses remained until 1998.","sourceUrl":"https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/10/statement_by_ministerofforeignaffairsonworlddayagainstthedeathpe.html"},{"year":1981,"jurisdiction":"France","chartLabel":"France: all crimes","change":"The law of 9 October 1981 abolished the death penalty.","sourceUrl":"https://www.senat.fr/dossier-legislatif/a80810310.html"},{"year":1998,"jurisdiction":"UK","chartLabel":"UK: remaining capital offenses","change":"Remaining capital offenses were abolished in the United Kingdom.","sourceUrl":"https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lif-2015-0044/"},{"year":1998,"jurisdiction":"Canada","chartLabel":"Canada: military offenses","change":"The death penalty was removed from the National Defence Act, completing abolition.","sourceUrl":"https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/10/statement_by_ministerofforeignaffairsonworlddayagainstthedeathpe.html"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"france1981","name":"France: abolition in 1981","window":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"jurisdiction":"France","sourceUrl":"https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000880486"}]},{"id":"child-protection","domainId":"children","name":"Legal reforms toward ending child labor","shortName":"Ending child labor","window":{"start":1833,"end":1938},"jurisdiction":"Selected reforms in the UK, France, and United States","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Selected legal restrictions on child labor, from early factory laws to broader minimum-age protections. These dates mark legislation, not the elimination of child labor. Coverage, exceptions, and enforcement differ by country.","sources":[{"title":"UK Parliament: the 1833 Factory Act","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/19thcentury/overview/factoryact/"},{"title":"French Ministry of Labour: law of 22 March 1841","url":"https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/loi_22_mars_1841-2.pdf"},{"title":"US Department of Labor: child labor rules under the FLSA","url":"https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/cl/background.htm"}],"reforms":[{"year":1833,"jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","chartLabel":"UK: textile-factory restrictions","change":"The Factory Act barred children under nine from most covered textile factories, limited older children's hours, and introduced factory inspectors; it was not a universal employment ban.","sourceUrl":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/19thcentury/overview/factoryact/"},{"year":1841,"jurisdiction":"France","chartLabel":"France: factory age and hour limits","change":"The 1841 law set a minimum age of eight and limited working hours in covered industrial establishments; its scope and enforcement were limited.","sourceUrl":"https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/loi_22_mars_1841-2.pdf"},{"year":1938,"jurisdiction":"United States","chartLabel":"US: federal child-labor restrictions","change":"The Fair Labor Standards Act established federal child-labor protections for covered work. Agricultural and other exemptions meant it did not prohibit every form of children's employment.","sourceUrl":"https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/cl/background.htm"}]},{"id":"animal-protection","domainId":"animals","name":"Statutory animal protection","shortName":"Animal legal protection","window":{"start":1911,"end":1966},"jurisdiction":"England, Wales and Ireland (1911; Scotland excluded); United States federal law (1966)","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"The Protection of Animals Act was enacted in 1911 and commenced on 1 January 1912. Section 16 excludes Scotland. This benchmark uses enactment, not commencement. It consolidated earlier protections, including livestock protections dating to 1822; it is not the first recognition of animal welfare. It does not prohibit all animal use or establish equal rights. The US Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966 added federal protections for specified animals supplied to or held by research facilities, initially covering dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits. This is a selected federal milestone, not the first US animal-protection law or universal protection for animals. The alternative benchmark tests sensitivity to the earlier, narrower British 1822 reform.","sources":[{"title":"Protection of Animals Act 1911","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/27/enacted"},{"title":"UK Parliament: protecting animals","url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldanimal/150/15004.htm"},{"title":"USDA: Animal Welfare Act timeline (1966 enactment)","url":"https://www.nal.usda.gov/collections/exhibits/awahistory/list"}],"reforms":[{"year":1911,"jurisdiction":"England, Wales and Ireland","chartLabel":"Protection of Animals Act","change":"The Protection of Animals Act consolidated anti-cruelty protections; enacted in 1911 and effective January 1912. Scotland was excluded. Earlier protections already existed.","sourceUrl":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/27/enacted"},{"year":1966,"jurisdiction":"United States","chartLabel":"Federal Laboratory Animal Welfare Act","change":"The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act established federal licensing and humane-care requirements for specified animals in the research supply chain and at research facilities. Its initial coverage was limited to dogs, cats, nonhuman primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits; it was not universal animal protection.","sourceUrl":"https://www.nal.usda.gov/collections/exhibits/awahistory/list"}],"alternatives":[{"id":"livestock1822","name":"Earlier livestock protection: 1822 Act (narrower scope)","window":{"start":1822,"end":1822},"jurisdiction":"British livestock protection; specified animals and acts of cruelty","sourceUrl":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldanimal/150/15004.htm"}]},{"id":"farm-welfare","domainId":"farmed","name":"Farmed-animal welfare legislation","shortName":"Farmed-animal welfare laws","window":{"start":1968,"end":1968},"jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","measure":"law","kind":"historical","description":"Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, Part I: welfare of livestock. Vegetarianism and complete abolition of farming are stronger, unmatched claims.","sources":[{"title":"Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/34/pdfs/ukpga_19680034_en.pdf"}]},{"id":"factory-farming-transition","domainId":"farmed","name":"Abolishing factory farming / veganism","shortName":"Ending factory farming / veganism","window":{"start":2000,"end":2100},"jurisdiction":"Hypothetical future adoption scenario","measure":"scenario","kind":"projected","description":"This hypothetical 2000–2100 scenario assumes that factory farming is abolished and veganism becomes the social norm by 2100. The dates are an illustrative adoption window, not a prediction or a claim that this transition has happened. Animal legal protection is a separate historical benchmark. Earlier vegetarian arguments can support part of this transition without establishing advocacy of its full vegan endpoint; each evidence record states that distinction. This future scenario is excluded from historical rankings.","sources":[]},{"id":"extinction-concern","domainId":"extinction","name":"Humanity starts to take extinction risks seriously","shortName":"Humanity starts to take extinction risks seriously","window":{"start":2000,"end":2030},"jurisdiction":"Western reference scenario stipulated for this project","measure":"interpretation","kind":"stipulated","description":"User-specified period of wider concern, not the first expression of the idea. The window is interpretive and its future portion is assumed. All scores are provisional. The founding dates below document growth of the research field; they do not establish broad social adoption.","sources":[{"title":"FHI founding history","url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8c1ab46a-061c-479d-b587-8909989e4f51/files/s707959314"},{"title":"GCRI founding history","url":"https://gcri.org/about/"},{"title":"CSER founding history","url":"https://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/philosophy-at-cambridge-16-newsletter-2020.pdf"},{"title":"FLI founding history","url":"https://futureoflife.org/about-us/our-history/"}],"reforms":[{"year":2005,"jurisdiction":"Oxford, UK","chartLabel":"FHI founded","change":"Future of Humanity Institute founded at Oxford in 2005; the institute operated until 2024.","sourceUrl":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A8c1ab46a-061c-479d-b587-8909989e4f51/files/s707959314"},{"year":2011,"jurisdiction":"US / international","chartLabel":"GCRI founded","change":"Global Catastrophic Risk Institute founded by Seth Baum and Tony Barrett in 2011.","sourceUrl":"https://gcri.org/about/"},{"year":2012,"jurisdiction":"Cambridge, UK","chartLabel":"CSER founded","change":"Centre for the Study of Existential Risk established in 2012 by Huw Price, Martin Rees, and Jaan Tallinn.","sourceUrl":"https://www.phil.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/philosophy-at-cambridge-16-newsletter-2020.pdf"},{"year":2014,"jurisdiction":"US","chartLabel":"FLI founded","change":"Future of Life Institute founded in 2014, with its launch event at MIT.","sourceUrl":"https://futureoflife.org/about-us/our-history/"}]},{"id":"wild-welfare","domainId":"wild","name":"Wild-animal welfare statutes","shortName":"Wild-animal welfare statutes","window":{"start":2060,"end":2100},"jurisdiction":"Western reference scenario stipulated for this project","measure":"scenario","kind":"stipulated","description":"User-stipulated hypothetical adoption of wild-animal welfare statutes during 2060–2100, including insects. These dates are a future scenario, not enacted laws or the first appearance of moral concern. Historical concern does not necessarily imply support for a specific statute.","sources":[]},{"id":"ai-welfare","domainId":"ai","name":"AI welfare statutes","shortName":"AI welfare statutes","window":{"start":2040,"end":2100},"jurisdiction":"Hypothetical future scenario","measure":"scenario","kind":"projected","description":"Editable hypothetical adoption of AI welfare statutes during 2040–2100. Neither AI sentience nor future legislation is presented as established. Moral concern does not necessarily imply support for a specific statute.","sources":[]}],"figures":[{"id":"bentham","name":"Jeremy Bentham","born":1748,"died":1832,"context":"England; legal reform and classical utilitarianism","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#2466c5","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"A foundational exponent of the principle of utility.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bentham/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bentham/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation; Offences Against One’s Self: Paederasty; Constitutional Code. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women’s equal claim to the vote—in principle (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"mill","name":"John Stuart Mill","born":1806,"died":1873,"context":"Britain; utilitarian liberal reform","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#3e82d2","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Major systematic utilitarian and liberal philosopher.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/"},{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Substantial liberal argument in On Liberty and writings on representation.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Subjection of Women; Autobiography; The Negro Question. Slavery: Defending emancipation against Carlyle (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: A principle of perfect equality (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"woolman","name":"John Woolman","born":1720,"died":1772,"context":"Colonial New Jersey; Quaker Christianity","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#a65540","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Quaker religious thinker and author whose antislavery argument expressly invokes Christian duties.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Woolman"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Woolman"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes. Slavery: The natural right of freedom (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"wollstonecraft","name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","born":1759,"died":1797,"context":"Britain; rights, republicanism and rational dissent","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#168789","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Major rights theorist whose argument extends rational moral and civic standing to women.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wollstonecraft/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wollstonecraft/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women ought to have representatives (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"kant","name":"Immanuel Kant","born":1724,"died":1804,"context":"Prussia; critical philosophy and deontological ethics","primaryTraditionId":"kantian","color":"#7848a0","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"kantian","status":"core","basis":"Foundational author of Kantian moral philosophy.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Metaphysics of Morals: Doctrine of Right. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women excluded from active citizenship (opposes; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"beccaria","name":"Cesare Beccaria","born":1738,"died":1794,"context":"Milan; Enlightenment penal reform","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#568fce","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Penal reform combines arguments from social contract and public utility; a precursor of utilitarian reform.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cesare-Beccaria"},{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"contested","basis":"The work also invokes the social contract and limits on sovereign rights; classification overlaps.","sourceUrl":"https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/cesare-bonesana-di-beccariaon-crimes-and-punishments-1764"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cesare-Beccaria"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in On Crimes and Punishments. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"russell","name":"Bertrand Russell","born":1872,"died":1970,"context":"Britain; analytic philosophy and secular humanism","color":"#647587","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"contested","basis":"Consequentialist elements in his ethics are substantial but do not by themselves establish an exclusive utilitarian identity.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell-moral/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/russell/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Russell–Einstein Manifesto. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"jonas","name":"Hans Jonas","born":1903,"died":1993,"context":"Germany / United States; philosophical ethics of responsibility","color":"#596c7a","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"existential","status":"contested","basis":"Phenomenological and existential background; his ethics of responsibility is a distinct development and should not be collapsed into utilitarianism.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Jonas"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Jonas"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Technology and Responsibility: Reflections on the New Tasks of Ethics. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"parfit","name":"Derek Parfit","born":1942,"died":2017,"context":"Britain; population ethics and convergence between moral theories","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#194f9f","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Substantial consequentialist and population-ethical reasoning; his later convergence project includes other traditions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/files/obituary-derekparfitpdf"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/files/obituary-derekparfitpdf"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Reasons and Persons. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"leslie","name":"John Leslie","born":1940,"context":"Canada / Britain; ideal utilitarianism and philosophy of extinction","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#4275b0","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"The author labels his own position utilitarian, ideal utilitarian and consequentialist on typescript p. 213.","sourceUrl":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Leslie-3/publication/339055687_The_End_of_the_World_the_science_and_ethics_of_human_extinction/links/5f03db78299bf1881607ce0d/The-End-of-the-World-the-science-and-ethics-of-human-extinction.pdf"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Leslie-3/publication/339055687_The_End_of_the_World_the_science_and_ethics_of_human_extinction/links/5f03db78299bf1881607ce0d/The-End-of-the-World-the-science-and-ethics-of-human-extinction.pdf"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"bostrom","name":"Nick Bostrom","born":1973,"context":"Sweden / Britain; consequentialist arguments about the long-term future","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#2c71b7","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Explicitly derives existential-risk priority from standard utilitarianism. Inclusion records substantive framework use, not exclusive allegiance.","sourceUrl":"https://nickbostrom.com/papers/astronomical-waste/"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://nickbostrom.com/papers/astronomical-waste/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Astronomical Waste; The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (with Eliezer Yudkowsky). Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"ord","name":"Toby Ord","born":1979,"context":"Australia / Britain; global consequentialism and existential risk","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#6c95c7","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"His research page identifies a doctoral defense of global consequentialism.","sourceUrl":"https://www.tobyord.com/research"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.tobyord.com/research"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Precipice. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"macaskill","name":"William MacAskill","born":1987,"context":"Britain; population ethics and global priorities","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#357fac","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"This coauthored argument explicitly adopts a total-utilitarian axiology before testing alternative assumptions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2-2.pdf"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2-2.pdf"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Case for Strong Longtermism — Hilary Greaves and William MacAskill. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"greaves","name":"Hilary Greaves","born":1978,"context":"Britain; population ethics and global priorities","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#5275ac","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"This coauthored argument explicitly adopts a total-utilitarian axiology before testing alternative assumptions.","sourceUrl":"https://www.globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2-2.pdf"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2-2.pdf"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Case for Strong Longtermism — Hilary Greaves and William MacAskill. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"ng","name":"Yew-Kwang Ng","born":1942,"context":"Malaysia / Australia; welfare economics","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#1b6e96","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"The paper expressly applies extended utilitarian reasoning to animal welfare; prominent originator of welfare biology.","sourceUrl":"https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/towards-welfare-biology-evolutionary-economics-of-animal-consciou/"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/towards-welfare-biology-evolutionary-economics-of-animal-consciou/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Towards Welfare Biology. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"tomasik","name":"Brian Tomasik","born":1987,"context":"United States; suffering-focused consequentialism","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#538bbb","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Author working explicitly on reducing suffering, including wild animals and insects; narrower historical role than founders.","sourceUrl":"https://reducing-suffering.org/history-of-this-website/"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://reducing-suffering.org/history-of-this-website/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Importance of Insect Suffering; The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"beauvoir","name":"Simone de Beauvoir","born":1908,"died":1986,"context":"France; existentialist feminism","primaryTraditionId":"existential","color":"#ac4c80","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"existential","status":"core","basis":"The Second Sex explicitly identifies its perspective as existentialist ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauvoir/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauvoir/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Second Sex. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women as free and autonomous beings (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"gandhi","name":"M. K. Gandhi","born":1869,"died":1948,"context":"India; Hindu nonviolence with Jain, Christian and other influences","primaryTraditionId":"hindu","color":"#b96524","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"hindu","status":"core","basis":"Substantive Hindu ethical interpretation, explicitly invoked in these writings; influences remain plural.","sourceUrl":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-gandhi/gandhis-religion-and-its-relation-to-his-politics/A4FB2DF77F0A517F4E0AF998D8F80AF0"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-gandhi/gandhis-religion-and-its-relation-to-his-politics/A4FB2DF77F0A517F4E0AF998D8F80AF0"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Young India: Cow Protection. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"marx","name":"Karl Marx","born":1818,"died":1883,"context":"Germany / Britain; historical materialism and communism","primaryTraditionId":"socialist","color":"#ad3e50","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"Foundational theorist of Marxism; these texts explicitly connect emancipation to working-class politics.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Address of the International Working Men’s Association to Abraham Lincoln; Manifesto of the Communist Party. Slavery: Death to slavery (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"luxemburg","name":"Rosa Luxemburg","born":1871,"died":1919,"context":"Poland / Germany; revolutionary Marxism","primaryTraditionId":"socialist","color":"#c45d6d","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"Major Marxist theorist; explicitly grounds this demand in socialist emancipation.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosa-Luxemburg"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rosa-Luxemburg"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Against Capital Punishment (Eine Ehrenpflicht). Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"kollontai","name":"Alexandra Kollontai","born":1872,"died":1952,"context":"Russia; Marxist feminism","primaryTraditionId":"socialist","color":"#914556","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"Major socialist theorist of women’s emancipation and the family.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandra-Mikhaylovna-Kollontay"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandra-Mikhaylovna-Kollontay"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Communism and the Family. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Equality within the family (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"rousseau","name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","born":1712,"died":1778,"context":"Geneva / France; republican freedom and the social contract","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#257c83","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"A central social-contract and republican theorist. The broad rights-based family includes republican branches; it does not imply modern liberalism in every respect.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Social Contract; Emile. Slavery: Slavery cannot create a legitimate right (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: Women’s subordination and different education (opposes; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"voltaire","name":"Voltaire","born":1694,"died":1778,"context":"France; Enlightenment toleration and natural law","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#40968c","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Major Enlightenment advocate of toleration, placed in the natural-rights branch on the basis of the argument itself.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voltaire/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voltaire/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Treatise on Toleration. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"paine","name":"Thomas Paine","born":1737,"died":1809,"context":"Britain / America / France; natural rights and deism","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#3e9d9c","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"A major natural-rights writer, with explicit arguments for freedom of conscience.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paine/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paine/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Age of Reason. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"locke","name":"John Locke","born":1632,"died":1704,"context":"England / Netherlands; natural rights and Protestant toleration","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#166b70","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Foundational liberal and natural-rights theorist; theological commitments are substantial but not treated as a second core membership without a separate classification review.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-political/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in A Letter Concerning Toleration; Second Treatise of Government. Slavery: Children do not inherit their fathers’ enslavement (supports; unmatched). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"salt","name":"Henry S. Salt","born":1851,"died":1939,"context":"Britain; ethical socialism and humanitarian animal rights","primaryTraditionId":"socialist","color":"#b56d79","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"A committed ethical socialist and founder of the Humanitarian League; the rights argument also warrants mixed affiliation.","sourceUrl":"https://henrysalt.com/reformer/socialism/"},{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"The primary text explicitly grounds animal protection in rights and justice.","sourceUrl":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/64498/64498-h/64498-h.htm","branch":"Animal rights"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://henrysalt.com/reformer/socialism/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Animals’ Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"singer","name":"Peter Singer","born":1946,"context":"Australia / United States; preference and later hedonistic utilitarianism","primaryTraditionId":"utilitarian","color":"#124ea2","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"utilitarian","status":"core","basis":"Major modern utilitarian and animal-ethics exponent.","sourceUrl":"https://faculty.princeton.edu/people/peter-singer"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://faculty.princeton.edu/people/peter-singer"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in All Animals Are Equal — anthology version. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"korsgaard","name":"Christine Korsgaard","born":1952,"context":"United States; Kantian constructivism","primaryTraditionId":"kantian","color":"#945aaa","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"kantian","status":"core","basis":"Major Kantian moral philosopher; the primary essay explicitly develops Kant’s Formula of Humanity.","sourceUrl":"https://philosophy.fas.harvard.edu/people/christine-korsgaard"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://philosophy.fas.harvard.edu/people/christine-korsgaard"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"nussbaum","name":"Martha Nussbaum","born":1947,"context":"United States; Aristotelian capabilities and political liberalism","primaryTraditionId":"virtue","color":"#6d79a4","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"virtue","status":"core","basis":"The capabilities approach draws substantially on Aristotelian flourishing. This branch is not an assertion that Nussbaum endorses all versions of virtue ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://holbergprize.org/en/holberg-prize/laureates/martha-c-nussbaum"},{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Her capabilities approach is also explicitly a liberal political theory of entitlements.","sourceUrl":"https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/justice-animals-practical-progress-through-philosophical-theory","branch":"Capabilities / political liberalism"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://holbergprize.org/en/holberg-prize/laureates/martha-c-nussbaum"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Justice for Animals: Practical Progress through Philosophical Theory; A Right to Marry? Same-Sex Marriage and Constitutional Law. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"paul-iii","name":"Pope Paul III","born":1468,"died":1549,"context":"Rome; Catholic magisterial teaching","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#9f6656","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"An influential Counter-Reformation pope; this is an authoritative ethical teaching issued under his name, not merely nominal membership.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-III"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-III"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Sublimis Deus. Slavery: Rejecting enslavement of Indigenous peoples (supports; unmatched). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"wesley","name":"John Wesley","born":1703,"died":1791,"context":"Britain; Methodist Christian ethics","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#c07959","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Founder of Methodism; the tract connects liberty and mercy to the revealed law of God.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wesley"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wesley"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Thoughts Upon Slavery. Slavery: Liberty belongs to every human being (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"tolstoy","name":"Leo Tolstoy","born":1828,"died":1910,"context":"Russia; dissident Christian nonviolence","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#89513e","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Influential interpreter of Christian nonviolence and moral self-discipline; a dissident, not an Orthodox doctrinal representative.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The First Step. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"luther","name":"Martin Luther","born":1483,"died":1546,"context":"German lands; Lutheran Reformation","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#a24632","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Foundational Protestant theologian whose argument explicitly invokes Christian authority.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in On the Jews and Their Lies; That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"fell","name":"Margaret Fell","born":1614,"died":1702,"context":"England; Quaker theology and women’s ministry","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#ce8b6c","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"A major early Quaker theologian who argues directly from scripture for women’s religious speech.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/margaret-fell/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/margaret-fell/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Womens Speaking Justified. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women may speak in the church (supports; unmatched). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"king","name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","born":1929,"died":1968,"context":"United States; Christian personalism and nonviolent civil rights","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#b17b64","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Christian personalism substantively shaped his moral reasoning; the letter explicitly draws on Augustine, Aquinas and the gospel.","sourceUrl":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/personalism"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/personalism"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Letter from Birmingham Jail. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"prabhupada","name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","born":1896,"died":1977,"context":"India / United States; Gaudiya Vaishnava ethics","primaryTraditionId":"hindu","color":"#ce8847","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"hindu","status":"core","basis":"Founder of ISKCON and influential commentator in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-C-Bhaktivedanta"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-C-Bhaktivedanta"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Bhagavad-gītā As It Is — commentary. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"pigliucci","name":"Massimo Pigliucci","born":1964,"context":"Italy / United States; modern secular Stoicism","primaryTraditionId":"stoic","color":"#4a7f68","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"stoic","status":"core","basis":"A recognized modern Stoic writer who explicitly reconstructs Stoic practical ethics from contemporary evidence.","sourceUrl":"https://massimopigliucci.net/stoicism/"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://massimopigliucci.net/stoicism/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Should a Modern Stoic Be Vegetarian?. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"mahapragya","name":"Acharya Mahapragya","born":1920,"died":2010,"context":"India; Jain Terapanth ethics and nonviolence","primaryTraditionId":"jain","color":"#82983e","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"jain","status":"core","basis":"Leader and prolific ethical teacher of the Terapanth Jain tradition; substantive nonviolence reasoning is explicit in the authored work.","sourceUrl":"https://jainworld.com/philosophy/ahimsa-non-violence/non-violence-and-its-many-facets-introduction/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://jainworld.com/philosophy/ahimsa-non-violence/non-violence-and-its-many-facets-introduction/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Non-Violence and Its Many Facets. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"wang","name":"Wang Yangming","born":1472,"died":1529,"context":"Ming China; Neo-Confucian learning of the mind","primaryTraditionId":"confucian","color":"#968553","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"confucian","status":"core","basis":"A defining Neo-Confucian philosopher; this text develops humanity as forming one body with other beings.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wang-yangming/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wang-yangming/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Inquiry on the Great Learning. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"dalai-lama","name":"Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama","born":1935,"context":"Tibet / India; Tibetan Buddhist compassion and nonviolence","primaryTraditionId":"buddhist","color":"#b58b2a","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"buddhist","status":"core","basis":"Major Tibetan Buddhist ethical teacher; the statement explicitly invokes compassion and nonviolence.","sourceUrl":"https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/brief-biography"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/biography-and-daily-life/brief-biography"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Statement on the Fortieth Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"maududi","name":"Abul A‘la Maududi","born":1903,"died":1979,"context":"British India / Pakistan; Islamic political and moral thought","primaryTraditionId":"islamic","color":"#397751","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"islamic","status":"core","basis":"An influential theorist of modern political Islam. These claims are derived explicitly from divine authority and Islamic ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-al-Ala-al-Mawdudi"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abu-al-Ala-al-Mawdudi"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Human Rights in Islam. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"engels","name":"Friedrich Engels","born":1820,"died":1895,"context":"Germany / Britain; Marxist theory","primaryTraditionId":"socialist","color":"#844451","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"Co-founder of Marxist theory and coauthor of the Manifesto.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Engels"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Engels"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Manifesto of the Communist Party. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"nietzsche","name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","born":1844,"died":1900,"context":"Germany / Switzerland; anti-egalitarian perfectionism; retrospective existentialist affiliation is contested.","color":"#657485","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"existential","status":"contested","basis":"Retrospective precursor classification, not membership in the twentieth-century existentialist movement.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nietzsche/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Beyond Good and Evil. Slavery: Slavery and aristocratic culture (opposes; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: Against women’s equal rights and education (opposes; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"bodhi","name":"Bhikkhu Bodhi","born":1944,"context":"Sri Lanka / United States; Theravada monastic ethics.","primaryTraditionId":"buddhist","color":"#ad8050","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"buddhist","status":"core","basis":"Theravada monk, translator and former Buddhist Publication Society editor; the text teaches Buddhist precepts.","sourceUrl":"https://www.upaya.org/person/ven-bhikku-bodhi/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.upaya.org/person/ven-bhikku-bodhi/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Going for Refuge & Taking the Precepts. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"thich-nhat-hanh","name":"Thich Nhat Hanh","born":1926,"died":2022,"context":"Vietnam / France; Zen and Engaged Buddhism.","primaryTraditionId":"buddhist","color":"#bc925d","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"buddhist","status":"core","basis":"Founder of the Plum Village tradition and major exponent of Engaged Buddhism.","sourceUrl":"https://plumvillage.org/about/thich-nhat-hanh/biography"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plumvillage.org/about/thich-nhat-hanh/biography"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Sitting in the Autumn Breeze: Thay’s Blue Cliff Letter. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"ambedkar","name":"B. R. Ambedkar","born":1891,"died":1956,"context":"India; Navayana Buddhist thought in his late writings.","primaryTraditionId":"buddhist","color":"#956633","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"buddhist","status":"core","basis":"Architect of Navayana Buddhism. Only the late Buddhist work is attributed to this framework; earlier political writings are not backdated into Buddhism.","sourceUrl":"https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/ambedkar/about.html"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/ambedkar/about.html"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Buddha and His Dhamma. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Equal access to knowledge (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"lipsius","name":"Justus Lipsius","born":1547,"died":1606,"context":"Low Countries; Christian Neo-Stoicism.","primaryTraditionId":"stoic","color":"#4b897d","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"stoic","status":"core","basis":"Foundational restorer of Stoicism within a Christian political and ethical project.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justus-lipsius/"},{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"His Neo-Stoic synthesis explicitly integrates Christian providence and religious authority.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justus-lipsius/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justus-lipsius/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Politica / Sixe Bookes of Politickes or Civil Doctrine. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"becker","name":"Lawrence C. Becker","born":1939,"died":2018,"context":"United States; modern reconstructed Stoicism.","primaryTraditionId":"stoic","color":"#639c8f","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"stoic","status":"core","basis":"Major modern reconstructive Stoic philosopher, author of A New Stoicism.","sourceUrl":"https://www.wm.edu/as/philosophy/people/in-memorium/becker_l.php"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.wm.edu/as/philosophy/people/in-memorium/becker_l.php"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in A New Stoicism. Slavery: Against creating slave populations (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: Against subjugating women (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"du-vair","name":"Guillaume du Vair","born":1556,"died":1621,"context":"France; Christian Neo-Stoicism.","primaryTraditionId":"stoic","color":"#3f746a","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"stoic","status":"core","basis":"Major early modern advocate of a Christian adaptation of Stoic moral philosophy.","sourceUrl":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/moral-philosophy-from-montaigne-to-kant/guillaume-du-vair/FD2CF2056661D00324EBA7A443082EAB"},{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"His moral philosophy explicitly adapts Stoic teaching to Christian commitments.","sourceUrl":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/moral-philosophy-from-montaigne-to-kant/guillaume-du-vair/FD2CF2056661D00324EBA7A443082EAB"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/moral-philosophy-from-montaigne-to-kant/guillaume-du-vair/FD2CF2056661D00324EBA7A443082EAB"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Moral Philosophie of the Stoicks. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"champat-rai-jain","name":"Champat Rai Jain","born":1867,"died":1942,"context":"India; Digambara Jain lay ethics.","primaryTraditionId":"jain","color":"#9a7932","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"jain","status":"core","basis":"Jain philosophical author and interpreter of lay vows, with a substantial published exposition of practical Jain ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://encyclopediaofjainism.com/barrister-champat-rai-jain-3/"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://encyclopediaofjainism.com/barrister-champat-rai-jain-3/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Practical Dharma. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"virchand-gandhi","name":"Virchand Raghavji Gandhi","born":1864,"died":1901,"context":"India / United States / Britain; Shvetambara Jain exponent.","primaryTraditionId":"jain","color":"#b18b43","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"jain","status":"core","basis":"Major international expositor of Jain ethics at the Parliament of Religions and in subsequent lectures.","sourceUrl":"https://pluralism.org/gandhi-virchand-raghavji"}],"importance":{"level":"established","rationale":"Editorial established classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://pluralism.org/gandhi-virchand-raghavji"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Jaina Philosophy. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"kang-youwei","name":"Kang Youwei","born":1858,"died":1927,"context":"China; New Text Confucian reform and utopian universalism.","primaryTraditionId":"confucian","color":"#ab6657","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"confucian","status":"core","basis":"Major Confucian reformer who reinterpreted the Great Unity tradition and Confucius as a reformer.","sourceUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-04349-8"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-04349-8"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Ta T’ung Shu: The One World Philosophy of K’ang Yu-Wei. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Women as independent persons (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"liang-qichao","name":"Liang Qichao","born":1873,"died":1929,"context":"China; early reformist Confucianism, with later changes of intellectual orientation.","primaryTraditionId":"confucian","color":"#be7f68","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"confucian","status":"core","basis":"Kang Youwei’s student and major reform thinker; the volume’s introduction situates the 1897 essay within Confucian reform.","sourceUrl":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/769777/2de034344a3906fc41afa4d12b842a7d.pdf"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/769777/2de034344a3906fc41afa4d12b842a7d.pdf"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in On Women’s Education. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Comparable education for women (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"fichte","name":"J. G. Fichte","born":1762,"died":1814,"context":"German idealism; reconstruction of Kantian practical philosophy.","primaryTraditionId":"kantian","color":"#8771ab","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"kantian","status":"core","basis":"Major post-Kantian idealist who made freedom and rational agency foundational to right.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/johann-fichte/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/johann-fichte/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Foundation of Natural Right / The Science of Rights. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: A husband administers his wife’s rights (opposes; benchmark assigned); Married women’s indirect voting (opposes; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"cohen","name":"Hermann Cohen","born":1842,"died":1918,"context":"Germany; Marburg Neo-Kantianism and Jewish philosophy.","primaryTraditionId":"kantian","color":"#715b97","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"kantian","status":"core","basis":"Foundational figure of the Marburg school of Neo-Kantianism.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cohen/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cohen/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Ethik des reinen Willens. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"rawls","name":"John Rawls","born":1921,"died":2002,"context":"United States; liberal egalitarianism and Kantian constructivism.","primaryTraditionId":"liberal","color":"#477d9b","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"liberal","status":"core","basis":"Major architect of justice as fairness, a liberal theory with explicit Kantian construction.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/"},{"traditionId":"kantian","status":"core","basis":"A Theory of Justice explicitly develops a Kantian interpretation and conception of autonomous rational agents; this is a qualified intellectual affiliation, not a claim of comprehensive Kantian orthodoxy.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in A Theory of Justice. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"foot","name":"Philippa Foot","born":1920,"died":2010,"context":"Britain; modern virtue ethics and natural goodness.","primaryTraditionId":"virtue","color":"#729c4e","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"virtue","status":"core","basis":"Foundational contributor to the twentieth-century revival of virtue ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philippa-foot/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philippa-foot/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Nietzsche’s Immoralism. Slavery: Justice forbids enslavement (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"anscombe","name":"G. E. M. Anscombe","born":1919,"died":2001,"context":"Britain; virtue ethics and Catholic moral philosophy.","primaryTraditionId":"virtue","color":"#83ab60","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"virtue","status":"core","basis":"Her Modern Moral Philosophy helped initiate the modern virtue-ethics revival.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anscombe/"},{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Explicitly develops and defends Catholic moral reasoning, including in this work on sexual ethics.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anscombe/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anscombe/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Contraception and Chastity. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"macintyre","name":"Alasdair MacIntyre","born":1929,"died":2025,"context":"Scotland / United States; Aristotelian and Thomistic virtue ethics.","primaryTraditionId":"virtue","color":"#507c37","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"virtue","status":"core","basis":"Major exponent of contemporary Aristotelian virtue ethics and author of After Virtue.","sourceUrl":"https://news.nd.edu/news/de-nicola-center-mourns-the-passing-of-alasdair-macintyre-19292025/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://news.nd.edu/news/de-nicola-center-mourns-the-passing-of-alasdair-macintyre-19292025/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in After Virtue. Slavery: Rejecting Aristotle’s defense of slavery (supports; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"sartre","name":"Jean-Paul Sartre","born":1905,"died":1980,"context":"France; existentialism and, in these later writings, Marxist anticolonialism.","primaryTraditionId":"existential","color":"#96724b","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"existential","status":"core","basis":"Foundational exponent of existentialism with an explicit later synthesis with Marxism.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/"},{"traditionId":"socialist","status":"core","basis":"The later anticolonial writings belong to his explicitly Marxist political phase, not merely nominal party association.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/"}],"importance":{"level":"foundational","rationale":"Editorial foundational classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in A Victory (Une Victoire); Preface to The Wretched of the Earth. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"camus","name":"Albert Camus","born":1913,"died":1960,"context":"Algeria / France; philosophy of the absurd; rejected the existentialist label.","color":"#76818d","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"existential","status":"contested","basis":"Frequently treated alongside existentialists but explicitly rejected the label; excluded from default tradition rankings.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/camus/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/camus/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Reflections on the Guillotine. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"kierkegaard","name":"Søren Kierkegaard","born":1813,"died":1855,"context":"Denmark; signed Christian discourses, distinguished from pseudonymous authorship.","primaryTraditionId":"christian","color":"#aa6b68","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"christian","status":"core","basis":"Major Christian thinker and foundational precursor of existentialism.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/"},{"traditionId":"existential","status":"core","basis":"A foundational precursor of existential thought; retrospective family classification, with the Christian framework of this signed work preserved.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Works of Love. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Spiritual equality with worldly subordination (opposes; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"iqbal","name":"Muhammad Iqbal","born":1877,"died":1938,"context":"British India; reconstruction of Islamic religious thought.","primaryTraditionId":"islamic","color":"#5c9275","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"islamic","status":"core","basis":"Major philosophical interpreter of Islam, whose Reconstruction explicitly develops ethical and legal reasoning within the tradition.","sourceUrl":"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought.html?id=uCh14nl09jkC"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought.html?id=uCh14nl09jkC"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Against equal inheritance shares (opposes; unmatched). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"rida","name":"Rashid Rida","born":1865,"died":1935,"context":"Syria / Egypt; Islamic reform and Salafi thought.","primaryTraditionId":"islamic","color":"#417d60","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"islamic","status":"core","basis":"Major Islamic reform writer and editor of al-Manar, developing legal and ethical arguments from Islamic sources.","sourceUrl":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rida-rashid-1865-1935"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rida-rashid-1865-1935"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Muhammadan Revelation. Slavery: Allowing limited continuation of slavery (opposes; benchmark assigned). Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"vivekananda","name":"Swami Vivekananda","born":1863,"died":1902,"context":"India / United States; Advaita and modern Vedanta.","primaryTraditionId":"hindu","color":"#cb8847","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"hindu","status":"core","basis":"Major modern Vedanta exponent and founder of the Ramakrishna Mission.","sourceUrl":"https://belurmath.org/swami-vivekananda/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://belurmath.org/swami-vivekananda/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in Letter to Haripada Mitra. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: Education for daughters (supports; benchmark assigned). This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."},{"id":"radhakrishnan","name":"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan","born":1888,"died":1975,"context":"India; modern Vedanta and comparative religious philosophy.","primaryTraditionId":"hindu","color":"#af7137","status":"included","affiliations":[{"traditionId":"hindu","status":"core","basis":"Major philosopher of Hinduism and modern Vedanta, presenting religious pluralism as an ethical implication.","sourceUrl":"https://iep.utm.edu/radhakri/"}],"importance":{"level":"central","rationale":"Editorial central classification based on the linked account of the author's intellectual contribution. This affects stroke width only.","sourceUrl":"https://iep.utm.edu/radhakri/"},"researchNote":"Slavery / women audit, 22 September 2026. Scope: the recorded passages and their documented context in The Hindu View of Life. Slavery: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. Women’s rights: No qualifying statement in the recorded excerpts; wider primary-text search unfinished. This is an excerpt-level review, not a completed search of the author's collected writings. No located opposition does not establish support. All other issue and revision searches remain open unless a position documents them."}],"sources":[{"id":"bentham-animals-source","title":"An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation","author":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://constitution.org/2-Authors/jb/pml_17.htm","edition":"First publication 1789; chapter transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1789,"end":1789},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"bentham-gay-source","title":"Offences Against One’s Self: Paederasty","author":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/bentham_offences_1785.pdf","edition":"Louis Crompton, Journal of Homosexuality, 1978; Columbia University Libraries transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1978,"end":1978},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"mill-women-source","title":"The Subjection of Women","author":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/27083/pg27083-images.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1869,"end":1869},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"mill-execution-source","title":"Autobiography","author":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10378/10378-h/10378-h.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1873,"end":1873},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"woolman-slavery-source","title":"Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes","author":"John Woolman","url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:John_Woolman_-_Considerations_on_Keeping_Negroes_Part_1_(1754).djvu/16","edition":"Philadelphia: James Chattin, 1754; page-linked transcription; long-s normalized.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1754,"end":1754},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"wollstonecraft-suffrage-source","title":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","author":"Mary Wollstonecraft","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3420/pg3420.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1792,"end":1792},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"kant-right","title":"The Metaphysics of Morals: Doctrine of Right","author":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/kant/morals/ch04.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"English translation of the Science of Right reproduced by Marxists Internet Archive; compare W. Hastie’s translation.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"beccaria-crimes","title":"On Crimes and Punishments","author":"Cesare Beccaria","url":"https://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/beccaria/delitti/delitti.c16.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Italian","translation":"Historical English translation in the University of Texas political-theory archive; translator not specified on chapter page.","publication":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"beccaria-crimes-death","title":"On Crimes and Punishments","author":"Cesare Beccaria","url":"https://laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/beccaria/delitti/delitti.c28.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Italian","translation":"Historical English translation in University of Texas archive.","publication":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"russell-extinction-source","title":"Russell–Einstein Manifesto","author":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/documents/deterrence/russell-einstein-manifesto.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1955,"end":1955},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"jonas-extinction-source","title":"Technology and Responsibility: Reflections on the New Tasks of Ethics","author":"Hans Jonas","url":"https://www.bhaven.org/uploads/3/4/0/3/34038663/technology_and_responsibility__reflections_on_the_new_tasks_of_ethics.pdf","edition":"Social Research 40(1), Spring 1973, pp. 31–54.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1973,"end":1973},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"parfit-extinction-source","title":"Reasons and Persons","author":"Derek Parfit","url":"https://wmit-pages-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/283/2022/06/12151107/singularity.pdf","edition":"1984 book excerpt in a university teaching packet.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1984,"end":1984},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"leslie-extinction-source","title":"The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction","author":"John Leslie","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Leslie-3/publication/339055687_The_End_of_the_World_the_science_and_ethics_of_human_extinction/links/5f03db78299bf1881607ce0d/The-End-of-the-World-the-science-and-ethics-of-human-extinction.pdf","edition":"Author-uploaded typescript of the 1996 book; uploaded in 2020.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1996,"end":1996},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"bostrom-extinction-source","title":"Astronomical Waste","author":"Nick Bostrom","url":"https://nickbostrom.com/papers/astronomical-waste/","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2003,"end":2003},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"bostrom-ai-source","title":"The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (with Eliezer Yudkowsky)","author":"Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky","url":"https://nickbostrom.com/ethics/artificial-intelligence.pdf","edition":"Author-hosted 2011 draft for a later Cambridge Handbook chapter.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2011,"end":2011},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"ord-extinction-source","title":"The Precipice","author":"Toby Ord","url":"https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/xgKqRcemzw5L2omZT/the-precipice-introduction-and-chapter-one","edition":"2020 book; excerpt shared by Toby Ord in January 2021.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2020,"end":2020},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"greaves-macaskill-2021","title":"The Case for Strong Longtermism — Hilary Greaves and William MacAskill","author":"Hilary Greaves and William MacAskill","url":"https://www.globalprioritiesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Case-for-Strong-Longtermism-GPI-Working-Paper-June-2021-2-2.pdf","edition":"GPI Working Paper 5-2021, June 2021 revision.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"ng-wild-source","title":"Towards Welfare Biology","author":"Yew-Kwang Ng","url":"https://niplav.site/doc/bio/welfare/towards_welfare_biology_evolutionary_economics_of_animal_consciousness_and_suffering_ng_1995.pdf","edition":"Biology and Philosophy 10 (1995), pp. 255–285.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1995,"end":1995},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"tomasik-insects-source","title":"The Importance of Insect Suffering","author":"Brian Tomasik","url":"https://reducing-suffering.org/the-importance-of-insect-suffering/","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2015,"end":2016},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"tomasik-wild-source","title":"The Importance of Wild-Animal Suffering","author":"Brian Tomasik","url":"https://longtermrisk.org/files/the-importance-of-wild-animal-suffering.pdf","edition":"Relations 3.2, November 2015, pp. 133–152.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2015,"end":2015},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"beauvoir-women-source","title":"The Second Sex","author":"Simone de Beauvoir","url":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/de-beauvoir/2nd-sex/introduction.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"English translation reproduced in Marxists Internet Archive; translation metadata is not supplied on the excerpt page.","publication":{"start":1949,"end":1949},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"gandhi-animals-source","title":"Young India: Cow Protection","author":"M. K. Gandhi","url":"https://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap81.php","edition":"Dated extracts in The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1921,"end":1921},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"marx-slavery-source","title":"Address of the International Working Men’s Association to Abraham Lincoln","author":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/iwma/documents/1864/lincoln-letter.htm","edition":"The General Council of the First International 1864–1866, Progress Publishers; MIA transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1864,"end":1865},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"luxemburg-duty","title":"Against Capital Punishment (Eine Ehrenpflicht)","author":"Rosa Luxemburg","url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/11/18c-alt.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"William L. McPherson, via a French translation; reproduced in International Socialist Review 30(1), 1969, pp. 5–6.","publication":{"start":1918,"end":1918},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"kollontai-women-source","title":"Communism and the Family","author":"Alexandra Kollontai","url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/communism-family.htm","edition":"Originally Komunistka no. 2, 1920; also published in English in The Worker, 1920.","originalLanguage":"Russian","translation":"Alix Holt, Selected Writings of Alexandra Kollontai, Allison & Busby, 1977.","publication":{"start":1920,"end":1920},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"rousseau-contract","title":"The Social Contract","author":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46333/46333-h/46333-h.htm","edition":"The Social Contract & Discourses, J. M. Dent, 1920.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"G. D. H. Cole, 1920 edition.","publication":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"voltaire-religion-source","title":"Treatise on Toleration","author":"Voltaire","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/64858/64858-h/64858-h.htm","edition":"Toleration and Other Essays, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912; selected and abridged translation.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"Joseph McCabe, 1912.","publication":{"start":1763,"end":1763},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"paine-religion-source","title":"The Age of Reason","author":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3743/pg3743-images.html","edition":"The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume IV, edited by Moncure Daniel Conway.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1794,"end":1794},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"locke-atheists-source","title":"A Letter Concerning Toleration","author":"John Locke","url":"https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/print_documents/amendI_religions10.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Latin","translation":"English translation in The Founders’ Constitution, citing the Montuori edition; translator not identified on this excerpt.","publication":{"start":1689,"end":1689},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"salt-animals-source","title":"Animals’ Rights Considered in Relation to Social Progress","author":"Henry S. Salt","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/64498/64498-h/64498-h.htm","edition":"Revised edition, G. Bell & Sons, 1922.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"workFirstPublication":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"witnessPublication":{"start":1922,"end":1922},"datingSourceUrl":"https://henrysalt.com/library/review/animals-rights-considered-review/","reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"singer-animals-source","title":"All Animals Are Equal — anthology version","author":"Peter Singer","url":"https://cafepublicintellectual.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/singer.pdf","edition":"The linked witness identifies Animal Rights and Human Obligations, edited by Tom Regan and Peter Singer, Prentice-Hall, 1989, pp. 148–162.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1989,"end":1989},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"korsgaard-animals-source","title":"Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals","author":"Christine Korsgaard","url":"https://dash.harvard.edu/entities/publication/73120378-83c7-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b","edition":"Tanner Lectures on Human Values 24, pp. 77–110; Harvard DASH dates the publication 2004 and provides the PDF.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2004,"end":2004},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"nussbaum-farmed-source","title":"Justice for Animals: Practical Progress through Philosophical Theory","author":"Martha Nussbaum","url":"https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/justice-animals-practical-progress-through-philosophical-theory","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"paul-iii-slavery-source","title":"Sublimis Deus","author":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://catholiclibrary.org/library/view?chunk.id=0000001&docId=Magisterium-EN%2F755ece29-57aa-4508-9a09-772c0d7d4a16.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Latin","translation":"English translation in Catholic Library; translator not specified.","publication":{"start":1537,"end":1537},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"wesley-slavery-source","title":"Thoughts Upon Slavery","author":"John Wesley","url":"https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000091/000000/000001/restricted/2002_09_10/wesley/thoughtsuponslavery.html","edition":"The Works of John Wesley, edited by Thomas Jackson, 1872, vol. XI, pp. 59–79; Maryland State Archives transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1774,"end":1774},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"tolstoy-farmed-source","title":"The First Step","author":"Leo Tolstoy","url":"https://tolstoyarchive.org/Non-fiction/files/The%20First%20Step.pdf","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Russian","translation":"Leo Wiener; digital text identifies the essay as 1892.","publication":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"luther-religion-source","title":"On the Jews and Their Lies","author":"Martin Luther","url":"https://www.ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/luther-1543","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"Martin H. Bertram, Luther’s Works, Fortress Press, 1971; excerpt reproduced by the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations.","publication":{"start":1543,"end":1543},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"fell-women-source","title":"Womens Speaking Justified","author":"Margaret Fell","url":"https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/fell/speaking/speaking.html","edition":"London, 1666; University of Pennsylvania, A Celebration of Women Writers transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1666,"end":1666},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"king-racial-source","title":"Letter from Birmingham Jail","author":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/111mlk2.html","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1963,"end":1964},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"prabhupada-execution-source","title":"Bhagavad-gītā As It Is — commentary","author":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://www.vanisource.org/wiki/BG_2.21_%281972%29","edition":"1972 complete edition; Vanisource transcription of the author’s English purport.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1972,"end":1972},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"pigliucci-farmed-source","title":"Should a Modern Stoic Be Vegetarian?","author":"Massimo Pigliucci","url":"https://modernstoicism.com/should-a-modern-stoic-be-vegetarian-by-massimo-pigliucci/","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2018,"end":2018},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"mahapragya-animals-source","title":"Non-Violence and Its Many Facets","author":"Acharya Mahapragya","url":"https://jainworld.jainworld.com/phil/ahimsa/nonvilncchp1.htm","edition":"Jain Vishva Bharati, second edition, January 1994; title-page metadata available in Jainworld’s introduction.","originalLanguage":"Hindi","translation":"R. P. Bhatnagar.","publication":{"start":1994,"end":1994},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"wang-animals-source","title":"Inquiry on the Great Learning","author":"Wang Yangming","url":"https://faculty.washington.edu/qing/yang-ming_dynamic_idealism_in_wang_yang-ming%5B1%5D.pdf","edition":"Wing-tsit Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, section “Dynamic Idealism in Wang Yang-ming”; university-hosted extract.","originalLanguage":"Classical Chinese","translation":"Wing-tsit Chan, Princeton University Press, 1963.","publication":{"start":1527,"end":1572},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"dalai-autonomy-source","title":"Statement on the Fortieth Anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day","author":"Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama","url":"https://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/10th-march-archive/1999","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"Official English version; original drafting language not identified","translation":"English statement published by the Office of His Holiness; translator not identified.","publication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"maududi-racial-source","title":"Human Rights in Islam","author":"Abul A‘la Maududi","url":"https://al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-4-n-3/human-rights-islam-syed-abul-ala-mawdudi/chapter-2-basic-human-rights","edition":"Book first published by the Islamic Foundation, 1976; this text reproduced in al-Tawhid IV(3), 1407 AH / 1987.","originalLanguage":"Urdu addresses; published in English translation","translation":"English text in al-Tawhid; translator not named on this online witness.","publication":{"start":1976,"end":1976},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"communist-manifesto","title":"Manifesto of the Communist Party","author":"Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels","url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"Samuel Moore, in cooperation with Engels, 1888 English edition; MIA transcription.","publication":{"start":1848,"end":1848},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"nussbaum-marriage-source","title":"A Right to Marry? Same-Sex Marriage and Constitutional Law","author":"Martha Nussbaum","url":"https://dissentmagazine.org/article/a-right-to-marry-same-sex-marriage-and-constitutional-law/","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2009,"end":2009},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"luther-religion-early-source","title":"That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew","author":"Martin Luther","url":"https://www.ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/luther-1523","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"English translation reproduced by CCJR; translator and print edition not supplied on this excerpt page.","publication":{"start":1523,"end":1523},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"nietzsche-bge","title":"Beyond Good and Evil","author":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4363/pg4363-images.html","edition":"Originally published 1886; checked Zimmern translation in Project Gutenberg no. 4363.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"Helen Zimmern; Complete Works edition (1909–1913), Gutenberg transcription with disclosed spelling changes.","publication":{"start":1886,"end":1886},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"bodhi-precepts","title":"Going for Refuge & Taking the Precepts","author":"Bhikkhu Bodhi","url":"https://accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel282.html","edition":"Buddhist Publication Society, Wheel 282/284 (1981); Access to Insight transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"thich-farmed-source","title":"Sitting in the Autumn Breeze: Thay’s Blue Cliff Letter","author":"Thich Nhat Hanh","url":"https://plumvillage.org/about/thich-nhat-hanh/letters/sitting-in-the-autumn-breeze","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Official English witness; original language and translator are not identified on the page.","publication":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"ambedkar-women-source","title":"The Buddha and His Dhamma","author":"B. R. Ambedkar","url":"https://franpritchett.com/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/03_05.html","edition":"Posthumous first publication 1957; checked Frances Pritchett’s edited transcription.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1957,"end":1957},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"lipsius-religion-source","title":"Politica / Sixe Bookes of Politickes or Civil Doctrine","author":"Justus Lipsius","url":"https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A05583","edition":"Politica (1589), checked in Jones’s 1594 translation, TCP A05583.","originalLanguage":"Latin","translation":"William Jones, 1594; original spelling and long s retained.","publication":{"start":1589,"end":1589},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"becker-new-stoicism","title":"A New Stoicism","author":"Lawrence C. Becker","url":"https://www.asau.ru/files/pdf/1519705.pdf","edition":"Revised edition, Princeton University Press, 2017; first edition 1998 not collated.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"workFirstPublication":{"start":1998,"end":1998},"witnessPublication":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"du-vair-animals-source","title":"The Moral Philosophie of the Stoicks","author":"Guillaume du Vair","url":"https://ota.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repository/xmlui/handle/20.500.12024/A21003","edition":"French original 1585; checked English edition 1598, TCP A21003.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"Thomas James, 1598.","publication":{"start":1585,"end":1585},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"champat-animals-source","title":"The Practical Dharma","author":"Champat Rai Jain","url":"https://jainqq.org/booktext/Practical_Dharma/011122","edition":"Second edition, Indian Press, Allahabad, 1929; preface dated 29 June 1929.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1929,"end":1929},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"virchand-philosophy","title":"The Jaina Philosophy","author":"Virchand Raghavji Gandhi","url":"https://www.jainqq.org/booktext/Jaina_Philosophy/006901","edition":"Collected lectures and writings, first published 1911; checked fourth edition, edited by Kumarpal Desai, 2009.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1911,"end":1911},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"kang-datong","title":"Ta T’ung Shu: The One World Philosophy of K’ang Yu-Wei","author":"Kang Youwei","url":"https://xinxingren.gen.nz/neoclassics/KangYouwei_1958.html","edition":"George Allen & Unwin, 1958; complete original work published posthumously in 1935.","originalLanguage":"Chinese","translation":"Lawrence G. Thompson, 1958; abridged translation. Quotations are translated passages, not parenthetical editorial summaries.","publication":{"start":1935,"end":1935},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"liang-women-source","title":"On Women’s Education","author":"Liang Qichao","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/769777/2de034344a3906fc41afa4d12b842a7d.pdf","edition":"Original essay 1897; Columbia University Press translation, 2013.","originalLanguage":"Chinese","translation":"English translation in The Birth of Chinese Feminism, edited by Lydia H. Liu, Rebecca E. Karl and Dorothy Ko (2013).","publication":{"start":1897,"end":1897},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"fichte-rights","title":"Foundation of Natural Right / The Science of Rights","author":"J. G. Fichte","url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Rights/Appendix_1","edition":"Original Part II and appendix, 1797; checked Kroeger translation.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"A. E. Kroeger, The Science of Rights; nineteenth-century English translation in Wikisource.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"cohen-execution-source","title":"Ethik des reinen Willens","author":"Hermann Cohen","url":"https://archive.org/details/ethikdesreinenw00cohegoog","edition":"Berlin: Bruno Cassirer, 1904. The scanned title page establishes 1904 despite inconsistent repository catalog metadata.","originalLanguage":"German","translation":"Original German. Editorial gloss: “that the death penalty lacks a legal justification.”","publication":{"start":1904,"end":1904},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"rawls-justice","title":"A Theory of Justice","author":"John Rawls","url":"https://giuseppecapograssi.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/rawls99.pdf","edition":"Revised edition, Harvard University Press, 1999. First edition 1971 not collated for these passages.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"workFirstPublication":{"start":1971,"end":1971},"witnessPublication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"foot-immoralism","title":"Nietzsche’s Immoralism","author":"Philippa Foot","url":"https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/06/13/nietzsches-immoralism/","edition":"New York Review of Books, 13 June 1991; original publisher’s text.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1991,"end":1991},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"anscombe-gay-source","title":"Contraception and Chastity","author":"G. E. M. Anscombe","url":"https://www.pamphlets.info/England/ctss0310/","edition":"Catholic Truth Society pamphlet S0310, 1977 witness; earlier versions not collated.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1977,"end":1977},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"macintyre-slavery-source","title":"After Virtue","author":"Alasdair MacIntyre","url":"https://epistemh.pbworks.com/f/4.%2BMacintyre.pdf","edition":"Third edition, University of Notre Dame Press, 2007; original 1981 edition not collated.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"workFirstPublication":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"witnessPublication":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"sartre-torture-source","title":"A Victory (Une Victoire)","author":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/national-guardian/1958-03-31-10-24-nat-guardian.pdf","edition":"National Guardian excerpt of Sartre’s 1958 essay.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"Contemporary English newspaper excerpt; translator not credited in the inspected passage.","publication":{"start":1958,"end":1958},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"sartre-colonial-source","title":"Preface to The Wretched of the Earth","author":"Jean-Paul Sartre","url":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/1961/preface.htm","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"English transcription on Marxists Internet Archive; translation attribution not established by the page.","publication":{"start":1961,"end":1961},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"camus-execution-source","title":"Reflections on the Guillotine","author":"Albert Camus","url":"https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/albert-camus-reflections-on-the-guillotine","edition":"Primary text in the linked digital transcription; locator refers to this witness.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"English transcription; translator and edition not established by this witness.","publication":{"start":1957,"end":1957},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"kierkegaard-women-source","title":"Works of Love","author":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://merton.bellarmine.edu/files/original/505e61941bba247b2e979c96d431917ae0edfcc7.pdf","edition":"Original signed work, 1847; scanned English excerpt with printed pagination.","originalLanguage":"Danish","translation":"English scanned witness in the Bellarmine Merton archive; title pages absent from this excerpt, so translation impression is unresolved.","publication":{"start":1847,"end":1847},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"iqbal-inheritance-source","title":"The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam","author":"Muhammad Iqbal","url":"https://archipress.org/docs/pdf/iqbalreconstruction.pdf","edition":"English original, first collection 1930, revised 1934; checked electronic reproduction.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1930,"end":1934},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"rida-revelation","title":"The Muhammadan Revelation","author":"Rashid Rida","url":"https://archive.org/download/TheMuhammadanRevelation/The%20Muhammadan%20Revelation.pdf","edition":"Arabic work 1933–1934; checked 1996 English translation.","originalLanguage":"Arabic","translation":"Yusuf T. DeLorenzo, Al-Saadawi Publications, Alexandria, Virginia, 1996.","publication":{"start":1933,"end":1934},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"vivekananda-women-source","title":"Letter to Haripada Mitra","author":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://vivekavani.com/vi-haripada-letters-swami-vivekananda/","edition":"Complete Works, volume 5; digital transcription dated 14 August 2011.","originalLanguage":"Bengali","translation":"Collected English translation; translator not identified in the linked witness.","publication":{"start":1893,"end":2011},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"radhakrishnan-religion-source","title":"The Hindu View of Life","author":"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan","url":"https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/297/1/Hindu%20View%20of%20Life.pdf","edition":"Upton lectures 1926; first publication January 1927; checked ninth impression 1954.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1927,"end":1927},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"mill-slavery-source","title":"The Negro Question","author":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://staging.oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-the-collected-works-of-john-stuart-mill-volume-xxi-essays-on-equality-law-and-education","edition":"Fraser’s Magazine, January 1850, pp. 25–31; checked Collected Works XXI, edited by John M. Robson (1984), pp. 85–95.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1850,"end":1850},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"bentham-suffrage-source","title":"Constitutional Code","author":"Jeremy Bentham","url":"https://oll-resources.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/oll3/store/titles/1999/Bentham_0872-09_EBk_v6.0.pdf","edition":"John Bowring, Works of Jeremy Bentham, volume IX (1843), posthumously arranged Book I.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1843,"end":1843},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-pdf","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"rousseau-women-source","title":"Emile","author":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5427/5427-h/5427-h.htm","edition":"Original 1762; checked Foxley English translation in Gutenberg no. 5427.","originalLanguage":"French","translation":"Barbara Foxley; Gutenberg transcription.","publication":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."},{"id":"locke-hereditary-slavery-source","title":"Second Treatise of Government","author":"John Locke","url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/7370/pg7370-images.html","edition":"First published late 1689 with a 1690 title-page date; checked Project Gutenberg no. 7370, transcription credited to the 1980 Hackett edition.","originalLanguage":"English","translation":"Original English; no translation.","publication":{"start":1689,"end":1690},"reuse":"Brief attributed excerpt; follow the source link for the surrounding work. Copyright in modern translations and editions may subsist.","checkedOn":"2026-09-22","verification":"primary-transcription","verificationNote":"Wording checked against the linked primary-text witness. This is not a claim of manuscript collation or independent historical peer review."}],"quotations":[{"id":"bentham-animals-quote","sourceId":"bentham-animals-source","text":"the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?","locator":"Chapter XVII, §1, IV, footnote","context":"Bentham compares exclusions imposed on animals with those imposed on enslaved people, asking which capacities could justify denying protection."},{"id":"bentham-gay-quote","sourceId":"bentham-gay-source","text":"Hitherto we have found no reason for punishing it at all","locator":"Digital transcription p. 3, “Reasons that have commonly been assigned”","context":"The preceding page expressly distinguishes willing partners from coercion and rape."},{"id":"mill-women-quote","sourceId":"mill-women-source","text":"the legal subordination of one sex to the other—is wrong in itself","locator":"Chapter I, opening paragraph","context":"The opening explicitly calls for equality without male privilege or female disability."},{"id":"mill-execution-quote","sourceId":"mill-execution-source","text":"against the motion for the abolition of capital punishment","locator":"Chapter VII; paragraph beginning “Several of my speeches”","context":"He describes this position as differing from advanced liberal opinion and then discusses his support for women’s suffrage."},{"id":"woolman-slavery-quote","sourceId":"woolman-slavery-source","text":"If I purchase a Man who hath never forfeited his Liberty, the natural Right of Freedom is in him","locator":"Part I, p. 11 (scan page 16)","context":"The next clause questions keeping the purchased person and their posterity in servitude. The treatise invokes Christian reciprocity."},{"id":"wollstonecraft-suffrage-quote","sourceId":"wollstonecraft-suffrage-source","text":"women ought to have representatives, instead of being arbitrarily governed","locator":"Chapter IX","context":"She criticizes government that allows women no direct share in deliberation, alongside the exclusion of working men."},{"id":"kant-execution-quote","sourceId":"kant-right","text":"But whoever has committed murder, must die.","locator":"Doctrine of Right, General Remark E, “The Right of Punishing” (Ak. 6:333)","context":"Kant rejects a substitute penalty as proportionate to murder, while also objecting to degrading mistreatment during execution."},{"id":"kant-women-quote","sourceId":"kant-right","text":"all women, … are without civil personality","locator":"Doctrine of Right, §46 (Ak. 6:314–315)","context":"The passage distinguishes active from passive citizenship and excludes women alongside dependent workers and minors."},{"id":"beccaria-torture-quote","sourceId":"beccaria-crimes","text":"if he be not guilty, you torture the innocent","locator":"Chapter XVI, Of Torture","context":"He argues that guilt should be proved before punishment and that pain is no test of truth."},{"id":"beccaria-execution-quote","sourceId":"beccaria-crimes-death","text":"the punishment of death is not authorised by any right","locator":"Chapter XXVIII, Of the Punishment of Death","context":"The subsequent paragraph considers an imprisoned citizen whose power threatens national security during upheaval."},{"id":"russell-extinction-quote","sourceId":"russell-extinction-source","text":"Shall we put an end to the human race; or shall mankind renounce war?","locator":"Paragraph beginning “Here, then, is the problem”","context":"The surrounding paragraphs explicitly discuss possible universal death rather than destruction of individual states."},{"id":"jonas-extinction-quote","sourceId":"jonas-extinction-source","text":"the perishing of the whole through the doings of man … has become a real possibility","locator":"Social Research 40(1), p. 42; PDF page 13","context":"He says public laws must address this possibility so that there will be a world for coming generations."},{"id":"parfit-extinction-quote","sourceId":"parfit-extinction-source","text":"I believe that if we destroy mankind, as we now can, this outcome will be much worse than most people think.","locator":"Reasons and Persons, pp. 453–454; reproduced on PDF p. 1","context":"He compares peace, a war killing 99% of humanity, and a war killing 100%, emphasizing the lost future."},{"id":"leslie-extinction-quote","sourceId":"leslie-extinction-source","text":"In view of how enormously much is at stake, we have no right to disregard them.","locator":"Author’s typescript p. 6 (not printed-book pagination)","context":"“Them” refers to human-extinction risks; the following discussion calls for risk-reduction efforts."},{"id":"bostrom-extinction-quote","sourceId":"bostrom-extinction-source","text":"For standard utilitarians, priority number one, two, three and four should consequently be to reduce existential risk.","locator":"Section III","context":"The argument considers loss of future lives and contrasts extinction prevention with merely accelerating development."},{"id":"bostrom-ai-quote","sourceId":"bostrom-ai-source","text":"it makes no moral difference whether a being is made of silicon or carbon","locator":"Draft p. 8, Principle of Substrate Non-Discrimination","context":"The sentence is explicitly conditional on holding sentience and functionality constant."},{"id":"ord-extinction-quote","sourceId":"ord-extinction-source","text":"This book argues that safeguarding humanity’s future is the defining challenge of our time.","locator":"Introduction; author-shared excerpt PDF p. 5","context":"The next sentences concern our ability to destroy ourselves and sever humanity’s entire future."},{"id":"macaskill-extinction-quote","sourceId":"greaves-macaskill-2021","text":"Correspondingly, even an extremely small reduction in extinction risk would have very high expected value","locator":"Section 4.2, printed p. 11 (PDF p. 12)","context":"The argument assumes positive expected future welfare and discusses a total-utilitarian axiology; later sections examine other assumptions."},{"id":"ng-wild-quote","sourceId":"ng-wild-source","text":"The large scale reduction in animal suffering relies on continued scientific advances.","locator":"Biology and Philosophy 10, p. 275 (PDF p. 21)","context":"The paper considers naturally selected populations and how welfare might be improved; it also discusses animals used by humans."},{"id":"tomasik-insects-quote","sourceId":"tomasik-insects-source","text":"We should encourage concern for wild-insect suffering and research ways in which human environmental policies can reduce it.","locator":"Summary, second paragraph","context":"The essay acknowledges uncertainty about insect consciousness while arguing that large numbers make the issue ethically significant."},{"id":"tomasik-wild-quote","sourceId":"tomasik-wild-source","text":"Humans are not helpless to reduce wild-animal suffering.","locator":"Abstract, p. 133 (PDF p. 1)","context":"The abstract calls for careful study because ecological interventions are complex and may have unintended consequences."},{"id":"beauvoir-women-quote","sourceId":"beauvoir-women-source","text":"a free and autonomous being like all human creatures","locator":"Introduction, concluding methodological discussion","context":"The phrase describes woman, whom men compel to take the status of the Other; the preceding paragraph explicitly invokes existentialist ethics."},{"id":"gandhi-animals-quote","sourceId":"gandhi-animals-source","text":"Protection of the cow means protection of the whole dumb creation of God.","locator":"Young India, 6 October 1921; collected under “Cow Protection”","context":"“Dumb” means speechless here. Gandhi expressly connects the argument to Hinduism and responsibility beyond humanity."},{"id":"marx-slavery-quote","sourceId":"marx-slavery-source","text":"the triumphant war cry of your re-election is Death to Slavery.","locator":"Opening paragraph; letter drafted 22–29 November 1864","context":"Written by Marx on behalf of the association, congratulating Lincoln on re-election and connecting abolition to workers’ emancipation."},{"id":"luxemburg-execution-quote","sourceId":"luxemburg-duty","text":"We demand the excision of capital punishment from the German penal code!","locator":"Concluding demand, Die Rote Fahne no. 3, 18 November 1918","context":"She argues that a revolutionary government must protect ordinary prisoners as well as political prisoners."},{"id":"luxemburg-torture-quote","sourceId":"luxemburg-duty","text":"abolish barbarous punishments – the use of manacles and whippings","locator":"Paragraph beginning “The existing system of punishment”","context":"A demand for reform of the penal system, alongside improvement of food, medical care and working conditions."},{"id":"kollontai-women-quote","sourceId":"kollontai-women-source","text":"No more domestic bondage for women. No more inequality within the family.","locator":"Concluding section, paragraph beginning “The workers’ state needs”","context":"She connects equality to social provision of domestic work, economic independence and a transformed communist family."},{"id":"rousseau-slavery-quote","sourceId":"rousseau-contract","text":"The words slave and right contradict each other, and are mutually exclusive.","locator":"Book I, chapter IV, “Slavery”","context":"He considers both individual enslavement and a people’s alienation of liberty to a ruler."},{"id":"rousseau-religion-quote","sourceId":"rousseau-contract","text":"it can banish from the State whoever does not believe them","locator":"Book IV, chapter VIII, “Civil Religion”","context":"“Them” refers to dogmas of civil faith designated by the sovereign as necessary social sentiments."},{"id":"voltaire-religion-quote","sourceId":"voltaire-religion-source","text":"The supposed right of intolerance is absurd and barbaric.","locator":"“Whether Intolerance Is of Natural and Human Law”, p. 31","context":"The section argues that human law must accord with natural law and reciprocal restraint."},{"id":"paine-religion-quote","sourceId":"paine-religion-source","text":"they have the same right to their belief as I have to mine.","locator":"Part I, chapter I, “The Author’s Profession of Faith”","context":"Immediately after criticizing churches, Paine distinguishes his criticism from a denial of believers’ rights."},{"id":"locke-atheists-quote","sourceId":"locke-atheists-source","text":"those are not at all to be tolerated who deny the being of a God","locator":"Concluding exceptions to toleration, “Lastly” paragraph","context":"He argues that promises and oaths cannot bind an atheist. Other parts oppose coercion of religious belief."},{"id":"salt-animals-quote","sourceId":"salt-animals-source","text":"they cannot be consistently awarded to men and denied to animals","locator":"Chapter I, “The Principle of Animals’ Rights”, p. 19","context":"“They” refers to rights; Salt appeals to the same justice and compassion in human and animal cases."},{"id":"singer-animals-quote","sourceId":"singer-animals-source","text":"To avoid speciesism we must stop this practice, and each of us has a moral obligation to cease supporting the practice.","locator":"All Animals Are Equal, PDF p. 5, paragraph beginning ‘Since, as I have said’","context":"The practice is rearing and killing animals to eat them. The passage condemns intensive meat production and calls for changing dietary habits, not merely improving welfare laws."},{"id":"korsgaard-animals-quote","sourceId":"korsgaard-animals-source","text":"reflection on the argument for the Formula of Humanity can show us why we have obligations to the other animals.","locator":"Section 5, final paragraph before “The Natural Good and the Grounds of Legislation”","context":"She distinguishes direct duties from Kant’s indirect-duty argument, in which cruelty damages one’s duties to humans."},{"id":"nussbaum-farmed-quote","sourceId":"nussbaum-farmed-source","text":"Animals suffer injustice at our hands: the cruelties of the factory farming industry","locator":"Opening paragraph of the author’s Holberg Lecture text, posted 29 June 2021","context":"The university reproduces her written lecture, developing capabilities as the normative basis for protection."},{"id":"paul-iii-slavery-quote","sourceId":"paul-iii-slavery-source","text":"nor should they be in any way enslaved; should the contrary happen, it shall be null and have no effect.","locator":"Sublimis Deus, final substantive paragraph","context":"The bull concerns Indigenous peoples and other peoples who may come to the knowledge of Christians, alongside evangelization."},{"id":"wesley-slavery-quote","sourceId":"wesley-slavery-source","text":"Liberty is the right of every human creature, as soon as he breathes the vital air","locator":"Section V, paragraph 6","context":"Wesley addresses inherited slaveholders and argues that neither purchase nor birth can justify human ownership."},{"id":"tolstoy-farmed-quote","sourceId":"tolstoy-farmed-source","text":"its use is directly immoral, since it demands an act which is contrary to our moral sense, — murder","locator":"Section X, PDF p. 24","context":"“Its” refers to animal food. The essay describes slaughter and frames abstinence as Christian moral discipline."},{"id":"luther-religion-quote","sourceId":"luther-religion-source","text":"First, to set fire to their synagogues or schools","locator":"Part 11, first recommended measure","context":"The passage is an explicit recommendation of religious persecution, framed as a Christian duty."},{"id":"fell-women-quote","sourceId":"fell-women-source","text":"Christ is the Head of the Male and Female, who may speak","locator":"Concluding portion, paragraph beginning “But Christ, who is the Head of the Church”","context":"Her argument disputes readings of Pauline prohibitions on women’s speech through other scriptural passages."},{"id":"king-racial-quote","sourceId":"king-racial-source","text":"All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality.","locator":"Paragraph 16 in the numbered Hanover excerpt","context":"He distinguishes just from unjust laws through human personality and natural law, explaining why nonviolent disobedience is warranted."},{"id":"prabhupada-execution-quote","sourceId":"prabhupada-execution-source","text":"the king’s punishment of hanging a murderer is actually beneficial.","locator":"Bhagavad-gītā As It Is, 2.21, author’s purport","context":"This is the modern commentator’s prose, not a quotation attributed to the ancient author of the Gītā."},{"id":"pigliucci-farmed-quote","sourceId":"pigliucci-farmed-source","text":"we, as Stoics, ought to be vegetarians.","locator":"Conclusion, posted 14 July 2018","context":"He explicitly acknowledges that ancient Stoic teachings did not generally prohibit eating animals, then uses reason and contemporary evidence to revise the practical conclusion."},{"id":"mahapragya-animals-quote","sourceId":"mahapragya-animals-source","text":"we must never inflict any pain on them, never oppress and exploit them, never rob them of their rights","locator":"Chapter 1, “Our Life Style and Non-violence”, spiritual nonviolence discussion","context":"“Them” refers to every living being, recognized as subject to pleasure and pain as we are."},{"id":"wang-animals-quote","sourceId":"wang-animals-source","text":"his humanity forms one body with birds and animals.","locator":"Inquiry on the Great Learning, opening question; Source Book pp. 659–660","context":"The preceding sentence describes hearing the cries and seeing the fear of animals about to be slaughtered."},{"id":"dalai-autonomy-quote","sourceId":"dalai-autonomy-source","text":"a political solution that ensures the basic rights and freedoms of the Tibetan people","locator":"Statement dated 10 March 1999, paragraph on the “Middle Way Approach”","context":"He explicitly disclaims a demand for separation from China and connects preservation of Tibetan spiritual heritage to compassion and nonviolence."},{"id":"maududi-racial-quote","sourceId":"maududi-racial-source","text":"Islam not only recognizes absolute equality between men irrespective of any distinction of colour, race or nationality","locator":"Chapter 2, “Equality of Human Beings”, opening sentence","context":"The author distinguishes piety from inherited racial superiority and argues that even greater piety does not confer privileged rights."},{"id":"marx-children-quote","sourceId":"communist-manifesto","text":"Abolition of children’s factory labour in its present form.","locator":"Chapter II, programme point 10","context":"The same programme combines education with industrial production, so this is not a prohibition of every kind of work by minors."},{"id":"nussbaum-marriage-quote","sourceId":"nussbaum-marriage-source","text":"if two people want to make a commitment of the marital sort, they should be permitted to do so","locator":"Paragraph immediately before “What Is the Right to Marry?”; Summer 2009","context":"The sentence expressly states the argument for same-sex marriage, after examining objections and the analogy to interracial marriage."},{"id":"luther-religion-early-quote","sourceId":"luther-religion-early-source","text":"we in our turn ought to treat the Jews in a brotherly manner in order that we might convert some of them.","locator":"Section 2 of the CCJR excerpt","context":"He criticizes seizure of property and restrictions on work and fellowship; the kindness he advocates remains conversion-oriented."},{"id":"nietzsche-slavery-quote","sourceId":"nietzsche-bge","text":"requiring slavery in some form or other.","locator":"§257; read alongside §§258–259","context":"The surrounding sections present aristocratic hierarchy as necessary for higher culture and endorse sacrificing people to that end."},{"id":"nietzsche-women-quote","sourceId":"nietzsche-bge","text":"equal rights, equal training, equal claims and obligations: that is a TYPICAL sign of shallow-mindedness;","locator":"§238; continuation in §239","context":"The sentence criticizes dreaming of equality. The next paragraph describes women as property destined for service; §239 attacks economic and legal independence."},{"id":"bodhi-animals-quote","sourceId":"bodhi-precepts","text":"It includes animals and insects as well as men","locator":"Taking the Precepts: The Five Precepts, first precept","context":"Defines the living beings protected by the precept against killing as beings with consciousness, explicitly including insects."},{"id":"thich-farmed-quote","sourceId":"thich-farmed-source","text":"We are vegetarian with the intention to nourish our compassion towards the animals.","locator":"Blue Cliff letter, 12 October 2007; paragraph beginning “We are vegetarian”","context":"Asks lay followers to increase vegetarian meals and monasteries to adopt vegan practice; climate and animal compassion are both reasons."},{"id":"ambedkar-women-quote","sourceId":"ambedkar-women-source","text":"He preached that the road to knowledge must be open to all--to males as well as to females.","locator":"Book III, Part V, Section Two, §1, paragraph 5","context":"Ambedkar’s authored presentation of the Buddha’s teaching; not a contemporaneous verbatim statement by the ancient Buddha."},{"id":"lipsius-religion-quote","sourceId":"lipsius-religion-source","text":"that one religion ought to be obſerued in one kingdome.","locator":"Book IV, chapter III, p. 63","context":"The passage states the author’s principle of public religious unity."},{"id":"becker-slavery-quote","sourceId":"becker-new-stoicism","text":"Think of the attempt to create docile slave populations, or underclasses, or subjugated women. Stoic ethical theory certainly opposes this","locator":"Chapter 6, p. 115 (PDF p. 134)","context":"Rejects social arrangements intended to damage the development of human agency."},{"id":"du-vair-animals-quote","sourceId":"du-vair-animals-source","text":"there is nothing in the worlde which is not created for mans good.","locator":"p. 88","context":"The surrounding discussion concerns charitable attitudes and the purposes of creation."},{"id":"champat-animals-quote","sourceId":"champat-animals-source","text":"tying up animals too tightly, beating them mercilessly","locator":"Nirjara, first vow, pp. 48–49","context":"Lists transgressions of the prohibition on injuring living beings."},{"id":"virchand-animals-quote","sourceId":"virchand-philosophy","text":"we owe a duty to them.","locator":"Chapter 7, The Occult Law of Sacrifice, p. 69","context":"Explains duties toward animals in a discussion of the fourth sacrifice."},{"id":"virchand-farmed-quote","sourceId":"virchand-philosophy","text":"how ungrateful they are when they use animal flesh as food.","locator":"Chapter 7, The Occult Law of Sacrifice, p. 69","context":"Explains duties toward animals in a discussion of the fourth sacrifice."},{"id":"kang-women-quote","sourceId":"kang-datong","text":"women must be permitted the status of independent persons.","locator":"Part V, p. 160","context":"The argument rejects women’s legal dependence and advocates access to education and public roles."},{"id":"kang-racial-quote","sourceId":"kang-datong","text":"use the power of the One World public government to transfer them.","locator":"Part IV, p. 146","context":"The passage proposes compulsory relocation to cold regions to transform racial appearance, subordinating equality to elimination of racial difference."},{"id":"liang-women-quote","sourceId":"liang-women-source","text":"men and women must receive comparable education.","locator":"On Women’s Education, p. 202 (PDF p. 217)","context":"Argues that education will permit women to work and contribute to national prosperity."},{"id":"fichte-women-quote","sourceId":"fichte-rights","text":"Her husband is, therefore, the administrator of all her rights","locator":"Appendix I, §3, III","context":"Argues that marriage places the wife’s public legal representation under her husband."},{"id":"fichte-suffrage-quote","sourceId":"fichte-rights","text":"not immediately, however, in their own person","locator":"Appendix I, §3, III, paragraph on voting","context":"Says wives participate in public rights through their husbands rather than immediately themselves."},{"id":"cohen-execution-quote","sourceId":"cohen-execution-source","text":"dass die Todesstrafe rechtlich der Begründung ermangelt.","locator":"p. 360 (scan PDF p. 402)","context":"The surrounding argument challenges retribution and the destruction of the moral subject, rather than rejecting punishment altogether."},{"id":"rawls-animals-quote","sourceId":"rawls-justice","text":"Certainly it is wrong to be cruel to animals","locator":"§77, p. 448 (PDF p. 471)","context":"Distinguishes duties of compassion from the contractual account of justice."},{"id":"rawls-religion-quote","sourceId":"rawls-justice","text":"The question of equal liberty of conscience is settled.","locator":"§33, p. 181 (PDF p. 204)","context":"The parties choosing principles cannot permit their religious liberty to depend on majority religious beliefs."},{"id":"foot-slavery-quote","sourceId":"foot-immoralism","text":"forbids such acts as murder, torture, and enslavement and brands them as evil, whoever carries them out.","locator":"Paragraph beginning “It is justice”","context":"Foot endorses the constraints of justice while criticizing Nietzsche’s rejection of ordinary morality."},{"id":"anscombe-gay-quote","sourceId":"anscombe-gay-source","text":"it becomes perfectly impossible to see anything wrong with homosexual intercourse","locator":"Discussion of the consequences of accepting contraception","context":"This sentence is a conditional reductio: Anscombe rejects the permissive conclusion, rather than endorsing it."},{"id":"macintyre-slavery-quote","sourceId":"macintyre-slavery-source","text":"Aristotle’s indefensible defence of slavery","locator":"Chapter 12, p. 162 (PDF p. 180)","context":"Criticizes Aristotle’s biological assumptions without abandoning the project of virtue ethics."},{"id":"sartre-torture-quote","sourceId":"sartre-torture-source","text":"It is a plague infecting our whole era.","locator":"National Guardian, 31 March 1958, p. 7; continuation of the paragraph beginning “Torture”","context":"The preceding sentence identifies torture; the essay condemns French abuses and calls for an end to the war."},{"id":"sartre-colonial-quote","sourceId":"sartre-colonial-source","text":"you own colonies and that in them men are massacred in your name.","locator":"Preface; paragraph addressing European readers","context":"The surrounding preface advocates anticolonial liberation, rather than simply more humane colonial administration."},{"id":"camus-execution-quote","sourceId":"camus-execution-source","text":"they argue for an immediate abolition of the death penalty.","locator":"Part I, concluding paragraph","context":"After examining executions and claims for their deterrent effect, Camus argues that the facts warrant abolition."},{"id":"kierkegaard-women-quote","sourceId":"kierkegaard-women-source","text":"for the man must be the woman's lord, she submissive to him.","locator":"First Series, III B, pp. 112–113 (scan PDF pp. 88–89)","context":"The next page says Christianity has not sought equal worldly rights for women. The argument distinguishes spiritual equality of conscience from social relations."},{"id":"iqbal-inheritance-quote","sourceId":"iqbal-inheritance-source","text":"The reform suggested by the poet relating to the rule of inheritance is based on a misunderstanding.","locator":"Lecture VI, The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam, pp. 194–195 of this PDF","context":"Responds to Ziya Gökalp’s equal-inheritance proposal. The text defends women’s property and dower rights while retaining unequal inheritance shares."},{"id":"rida-slavery-quote","sourceId":"rida-revelation","text":"continue with slavery in a limited way, and for a limited time","locator":"p. 144 (PDF p. 153), continuing on p. 145","context":"Discusses the ruler’s choice between gradual abolition and limited continuation, including captives in just defensive wars."},{"id":"rida-racial-quote","sourceId":"rida-revelation","text":"oppression by whites of any people of a different color","locator":"p. 143 (PDF p. 152)","context":"Criticizes European and American racial domination, discrimination and exploitation."},{"id":"vivekananda-women-quote","sourceId":"vivekananda-women-source","text":"so daughters also must observe Brahmacharya and be educated by their parents.","locator":"Complete Works, volume 5, Epistles First Series, VI: Haripada Mitra, 28 December 1893","context":"After citing Manu, Vivekananda himself extends the educational injunction to daughters and criticizes the contrast with girls’ opportunities in India."},{"id":"radhakrishnan-religion-quote","sourceId":"radhakrishnan-religion-source","text":"The cure for error is not the stake or the cudgel, not force or persecution","locator":"p. 125 (PDF p. 122)","context":"Argues for education and understanding rather than coercive responses to religious differences."},{"id":"mill-slavery-quote","sourceId":"mill-slavery-source","text":"It triumphed because it was the cause of justice;","locator":"Collected Works, volume XXI, p. 88; paragraph on the anti-slavery movement","context":"The pronoun refers to the anti-slavery movement, whose victory Mill attributes to justice rather than sentimentality."},{"id":"bentham-suffrage-quote","sourceId":"bentham-suffrage-source","text":"the claim of this sex is, if not still better, at least, altogether as good as that of the other.","locator":"Constitutional Code, Book I, chapter XV, Supreme Constitutive; Works IX, p. 108; electronic PDF p. 209","context":"The preceding question asks why women are excluded from the constitutive power. Bentham answers that public prejudice makes their admission politically impracticable, then affirms their equal claim under the greatest-happiness principle."},{"id":"rousseau-women-quote","sourceId":"rousseau-women-source","text":"woman is made to please and to be in subjection to man","locator":"Book V, opening discussion of Sophie and sexual difference","context":"The surrounding argument says the sexes ought to differ and therefore must receive different educations."},{"id":"locke-hereditary-slavery-quote","sourceId":"locke-hereditary-slavery-source","text":"the children, whatever may have happened to the fathers, are freemen","locator":"Chapter XVI, §189; read alongside §§182 and 190","context":"In the chapter on conquest, Locke denies that a father can forfeit his child’s liberty. The paragraph expressly denies a conqueror’s right of dominion over the children of people he governs as slaves."}],"positions":[{"id":"bentham-animals","figureId":"bentham","domainId":"animals","title":"The capacity to suffer","summary":"Animal suffering deserves moral consideration independently of language or reasoning.","composition":{"start":1789,"end":1789},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1789,"end":1789},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bentham-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["He permits killing and eating animals under stated conditions. This is not evidence of vegetarianism or equal rights in every respect.","The work was printed earlier, but this record conservatively uses first publication in 1789."],"counterevidence":"The same footnote permits killing animals where Bentham thinks their loss is outweighed by human benefit; that qualification is retained.","episodeId":"bentham-animals"},{"id":"bentham-gay","figureId":"bentham","domainId":"gay","title":"Against punishing consensual relations","summary":"Bentham finds no utilitarian justification for criminal punishment of consensual male same-sex relations.","composition":{"start":1785,"end":1785},"dateBasis":"The scholarly editor dates the manuscript to about 1785; the one-year placement is conventional, not day-level precision.","publication":{"start":1978,"end":1978},"visibility":"private","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bentham-gay-quote"],"milestoneId":"decriminalization","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Private manuscript; first published in 1978. Excluded by the public-writings-only filter.","The historical title and language are not modern identity categories."],"counterevidence":"His disapproving vocabulary coexists with an explicit argument against criminalization; moral approval and decriminalization are distinguished.","episodeId":"bentham-gay"},{"id":"mill-women","figureId":"mill","domainId":"women","title":"A principle of perfect equality","summary":"Mill rejects the legal subordination of women and advocates equal standing.","composition":{"start":1869,"end":1869},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1869,"end":1869},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["mill-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The benchmark concerns later anti-discrimination laws; it does not imply that every component of Mill’s proposal was enacted together."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"mill-women"},{"id":"mill-execution","figureId":"mill","domainId":"execution","title":"Retaining capital punishment","summary":"Mill identifies his opposition to a motion to abolish capital punishment in his own written autobiography.","composition":{"start":1873,"end":1873},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1873,"end":1873},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["mill-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is a retrospective written account of his parliamentary position, not the transcript of the speech.","1873 is the publication proxy; the original parliamentary intervention was in 1868.","This writing falls within the selected 1867–1998 adoption interval, so its opposition score spans negative lag and zero."],"counterevidence":"The same autobiographical passage records progressive positions on suffrage. Those views are kept separate from capital punishment.","episodeId":"mill-execution"},{"id":"woolman-slavery","figureId":"woolman","domainId":"slavery","title":"The natural right of freedom","summary":"Purchasing an innocent person cannot extinguish their right to freedom or justify enslaving their descendants.","composition":{"start":1754,"end":1754},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1754,"end":1754},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["woolman-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The argument refers to persons who have not forfeited liberty; it should not be expanded into a claim about every form of forced labor.","A later online transcription misdates the edition; the linked 1754 witness controls this record."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"woolman-slavery"},{"id":"wollstonecraft-suffrage","figureId":"wollstonecraft","domainId":"suffrage","title":"Women ought to have representatives","summary":"Wollstonecraft argues for women’s direct participation in political representation.","composition":{"start":1792,"end":1792},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1792,"end":1792},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["wollstonecraft-suffrage-quote"],"milestoneId":"votes-for-women","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This passage supports representation; it does not specify a modern universal-franchise electoral system."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"wollstonecraft-suffrage"},{"id":"kant-execution","figureId":"kant","domainId":"execution","title":"Execution as a requirement of justice","summary":"Kant argues that the murderer must be executed as a requirement of retributive justice.","composition":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["kant-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The mirror labels the text 1790 incorrectly. The work was published in 1797 (Cambridge edition bibliographic confirmation).","The selected British benchmark is later than this writing: opposition scores zero under the agreed rule."],"counterevidence":"The same discussion disallows degrading maltreatment and considers difficult exceptional cases; retention of execution does not imply support for every cruel punishment.","episodeId":"kant-execution"},{"id":"kant-women","figureId":"kant","domainId":"suffrage","title":"Women excluded from active citizenship","summary":"Kant includes all women among persons lacking the independence required for active citizenship.","composition":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["kant-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"votes-for-women","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The ellipsis omits other categories and the general dependency criterion; it does not omit an exception for women.","Passive citizens retain other rights; this is a political-participation exclusion."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"kant-women"},{"id":"beccaria-torture","figureId":"beccaria","domainId":"torture","title":"Torture cannot establish guilt","summary":"Beccaria rejects torture used to elicit confessions, including its infliction on the legally innocent.","composition":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["beccaria-torture-quote"],"milestoneId":"torture-ban","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Comparison is to international codification in 1948–1984; several states curtailed judicial torture much earlier."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"beccaria-torture"},{"id":"beccaria-execution","figureId":"beccaria","domainId":"execution","title":"Against ordinary use of the death penalty","summary":"Beccaria argues against execution as a normal criminal penalty, with an exceptional political necessity proviso.","composition":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1764,"end":1764},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["beccaria-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Qualified opposition: he permits an exceptional case involving threats to the state.","His preferred alternative includes perpetual penal servitude; this is not a blanket rejection of harsh punishment."],"counterevidence":"The exception and endorsement of penal servitude are explicit in this chapter, and are retained here.","episodeId":"beccaria-execution"},{"id":"russell-extinction","figureId":"russell","domainId":"extinction","title":"The survival of the human race","summary":"The manifesto calls for avoiding nuclear war because it could end the human race.","composition":{"start":1955,"end":1955},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1955,"end":1955},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["russell-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["A collective manifesto drafted by Russell; Einstein and the other signatories are not all treated as its authors.","Russell’s own account of drafting appears in The Early History of the Pugwash Movement (1962).","The scientific risk estimate is a historical claim by the authors, not a current estimate endorsed by this explorer."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"russell-extinction"},{"id":"jonas-extinction","figureId":"jonas","domainId":"extinction","title":"Responsibility for humanity’s continued existence","summary":"Jonas argues that technological power creates new ethical responsibilities for humanity’s future existence.","composition":{"start":1973,"end":1973},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1973,"end":1973},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["jonas-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The extracted text is incomplete elsewhere in the scan. This excerpt comes from a complete paragraph on p. 42; uncertain nearby lines are not quoted.","Framework classification is contested and receives a neutral author color."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"jonas-extinction"},{"id":"parfit-extinction","figureId":"parfit","domainId":"extinction","title":"The distinctive badness of extinction","summary":"Parfit argues that extinction is much worse than a catastrophe leaving humanity able to recover.","composition":{"start":1984,"end":1984},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1984,"end":1984},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["parfit-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The passage gives both classical-utilitarian and non-utilitarian ideal-good arguments. It is not an avowal of exclusive classical utilitarianism."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"parfit-extinction"},{"id":"leslie-extinction","figureId":"leslie","domainId":"extinction","title":"No right to disregard extinction risks","summary":"Leslie argues that the stakes of human extinction require attention even when risk estimates are uncertain.","composition":{"start":1996,"end":1996},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1996,"end":1996},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["leslie-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The upload date is not the composition or original publication date.","The book also defends the controversial doomsday argument; accepting that argument is unnecessary to establish the quoted ethical concern."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"leslie-extinction"},{"id":"bostrom-extinction","figureId":"bostrom","domainId":"extinction","title":"Reducing existential risk as a priority","summary":"Bostrom derives priority for existential-risk reduction from maximizing expected aggregate welfare.","composition":{"start":2003,"end":2003},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2003,"end":2003},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bostrom-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Existential risk includes permanent curtailment as well as extinction. This paper explicitly includes extinction, so it is eligible for that separate domain.","The next section considers different implications of person-affecting views."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"bostrom-extinction"},{"id":"bostrom-ai","figureId":"bostrom","domainId":"ai","title":"Equal moral status across substrates","summary":"With consciousness and functionality held constant, an artificial mind’s material substrate should not determine its moral status.","composition":{"start":2011,"end":2011},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2011,"end":2011},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bostrom-ai-quote"],"milestoneId":"ai-welfare","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Coauthored with Eliezer Yudkowsky. This is not a claim that current AI systems are conscious.","The date is that of the public draft, not the later handbook edition."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"bostrom-ai"},{"id":"ord-extinction","figureId":"ord","domainId":"extinction","title":"Safeguarding humanity’s future","summary":"Ord describes safeguarding humanity’s future as the defining challenge of the present era.","composition":{"start":2020,"end":2020},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2020,"end":2020},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["ord-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The 2021 excerpt posting is not the first publication date.","The book draws on several moral perspectives, alongside Ord’s consequentialist research."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"ord-extinction"},{"id":"macaskill-extinction","figureId":"macaskill","domainId":"extinction","title":"The expected value of preventing extinction","summary":"Greaves and MacAskill argue that even small reductions in extinction risk can have high expected value.","composition":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["macaskill-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["An earlier working paper appeared in 2019. This exact wording is verified in the 2021 version and is dated accordingly.","This is a joint-authored position, not two independent intellectual discoveries. Both author records point to the same work.","The argument is conditional on empirical and ethical assumptions stated in the paper."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"macaskill-extinction"},{"id":"greaves-extinction","figureId":"greaves","domainId":"extinction","title":"The expected value of preventing extinction","summary":"Greaves and MacAskill argue that even small reductions in extinction risk can have high expected value.","composition":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["macaskill-extinction-quote"],"milestoneId":"extinction-concern","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["An earlier working paper appeared in 2019. This exact wording is verified in the 2021 version and is dated accordingly.","This is a joint-authored position, not two independent intellectual discoveries. Both author records point to the same work.","The argument is conditional on empirical and ethical assumptions stated in the paper."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"greaves-extinction"},{"id":"ng-wild","figureId":"ng","domainId":"wild","title":"A science of welfare in nature","summary":"Ng argues for research capable of improving animal welfare, including in natural populations.","composition":{"start":1995,"end":1995},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1995,"end":1995},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["ng-wild-quote"],"milestoneId":"wild-welfare","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Some empirical arguments in this early paper remain debated. The entry establishes concern and proposed research, not the truth of each model.","He warns against acting without understanding ecological repercussions."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"ng-wild"},{"id":"tomasik-insects","figureId":"tomasik","domainId":"wild","title":"Taking insect suffering seriously","summary":"Tomasik argues for ethical consideration of possible insect suffering and research on reducing it.","composition":{"start":2015,"end":2016},"dateBasis":"Page first published 3 February 2015; last substantial update 25 April 2016. Exact introduction date of this sentence is unresolved, so the full interval is used.","publication":{"start":2015,"end":2016},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["tomasik-insects-quote"],"milestoneId":"wild-welfare","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The date range preserves uncertainty about which version first contained this sentence.","A precautionary argument does not establish insect consciousness as certain."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"tomasik-insects"},{"id":"tomasik-wild","figureId":"tomasik","domainId":"wild","title":"Reducing suffering in the wild","summary":"Tomasik argues that humans can and should study ways to reduce naturally occurring animal suffering.","composition":{"start":2015,"end":2015},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2015,"end":2015},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["tomasik-wild-quote"],"milestoneId":"wild-welfare","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The paper’s claim that suffering plausibly dominates welfare in nature is an argument, not an established fact."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"tomasik-wild"},{"id":"beauvoir-women","figureId":"beauvoir","domainId":"women","title":"Women as free and autonomous beings","summary":"Beauvoir criticizes the imposed social subordination of women as a denial of their freedom.","composition":{"start":1949,"end":1949},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1949,"end":1949},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["beauvoir-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is broader social and legal autonomy, not a claim about the first enactment of women’s suffrage."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"beauvoir-women"},{"id":"gandhi-animals","figureId":"gandhi","domainId":"animals","title":"Protection beyond the human species","summary":"Gandhi interprets cow protection as a duty toward the wider animal world.","composition":{"start":1921,"end":1921},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1921,"end":1921},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["gandhi-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is not a claim that all animal uses are prohibited.","A global author is compared with a British legal benchmark; local context is retained rather than treating Britain as his own society."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"gandhi-animals"},{"id":"marx-slavery","figureId":"marx","domainId":"slavery","title":"Death to slavery","summary":"Marx endorses the abolitionist direction of the American Civil War.","composition":{"start":1864,"end":1864},"dateBasis":"Editorial dating: drafted by Marx 22–29 November 1864; German publication 30 December 1864, English 7 January 1865.","publication":{"start":1864,"end":1865},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["marx-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The selected 1833–1888 interval gives a lead range spanning zero; the US 1865 alternative gives one year.","The letter was formally presented in January 1865; that is not its composition date."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"marx-slavery"},{"id":"luxemburg-execution","figureId":"luxemburg","domainId":"execution","title":"Remove capital punishment from the penal code","summary":"Luxemburg demands the abolition of capital punishment during the German Revolution.","composition":{"start":1918,"end":1918},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1918,"end":1918},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["luxemburg-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The English witness is an indirect translation.","Germany is her immediate target; the scored reference is the selected multi-country abolition window."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"luxemburg-execution"},{"id":"luxemburg-torture","figureId":"luxemburg","domainId":"torture","title":"End barbarous prison punishments","summary":"Luxemburg calls for an end to whipping and oppressive restraints in prisons.","composition":{"start":1918,"end":1918},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1918,"end":1918},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["luxemburg-torture-quote"],"milestoneId":"torture-ban","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Matched to later international codification against cruel punishment, not to the first local abolition of whipping."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"luxemburg-torture"},{"id":"kollontai-women","figureId":"kollontai","domainId":"women","title":"Equality within the family","summary":"Kollontai argues that women’s domestic subordination must end.","composition":{"start":1920,"end":1920},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1920,"end":1920},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["kollontai-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The benchmark concerns legal sex equality; her proposal extends to economic and domestic institutions."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"kollontai-women"},{"id":"rousseau-slavery","figureId":"rousseau","domainId":"slavery","title":"Slavery cannot create a legitimate right","summary":"Rousseau denies the legitimacy of a right of slavery.","composition":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["rousseau-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is a theory of legitimate right, not a detailed legislative programme for ending colonial slavery."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"rousseau-slavery"},{"id":"rousseau-religion","figureId":"rousseau","domainId":"religion","title":"Exclusion for rejecting the civil creed","summary":"Rousseau permits a state to banish people who reject its required civil religion.","composition":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["rousseau-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["He also endorses toleration of religions that tolerate others. The exclusion concerns the required civil creed.","The selected multi-country interval begins before this writing; the calculation below uses the currently selected benchmark."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"rousseau-religion"},{"id":"voltaire-religion","figureId":"voltaire","domainId":"religion","title":"Rejecting a right of religious intolerance","summary":"Voltaire rejects persecution in the name of religious belief.","composition":{"start":1763,"end":1763},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1763,"end":1763},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["voltaire-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The translator discloses omissions elsewhere in this edition.","Toleration here does not establish an egalitarian view on every other issue."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"voltaire-religion"},{"id":"paine-religion","figureId":"paine","domainId":"religion","title":"An equal right to religious belief","summary":"Paine asserts others’ equal right to beliefs he rejects.","composition":{"start":1794,"end":1794},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1794,"end":1794},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["paine-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Published within the selected 1689–1919 religious-liberty interval; the score reflects the remaining lead to its later endpoint."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"paine-religion"},{"id":"locke-atheists","figureId":"locke","domainId":"religion","title":"Withholding toleration from atheists","summary":"Locke excludes atheists from the toleration he otherwise defends.","composition":{"start":1689,"end":1689},"dateBasis":"1689 publication proxy; the earlier composition of the Letter is not used as an exact date for this witness.","publication":{"start":1689,"end":1689},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["locke-atheists-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is one explicit exclusion, not a claim that Locke opposed all religious freedom.","The matched benchmark prohibits civil disadvantage on account of religious opinion."],"counterevidence":"In the same letter Locke says people should not lose civil enjoyments because of religion, and rejects coercive conversion; the atheist exception limits that principle.","episodeId":"locke-atheists"},{"id":"salt-animals","figureId":"salt","domainId":"animals","title":"Extending rights to animals","summary":"Salt argues that animal interests cannot consistently be excluded from a system of rights.","composition":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"dateBasis":"The exact quoted wording is attested in The Vegetarian Messenger, 1 November 1892, pp. 332–334, reproduced by the Henry Salt Foundation. The linked 1922 revised edition is the inspected book witness; it is not the date of first expression.","publication":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["salt-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The 1892 date is supported by a contemporary quotation of this passage, not inferred solely from the book’s original publication date.","A stronger animal-rights programme is matched only to the minimal animal-protection component."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"salt-animals"},{"id":"singer-animals","figureId":"singer","domainId":"farmed","title":"Ending animal farming for food","summary":"Singer argues that people must stop supporting the rearing and killing of animals for food; this point is matched to the future dietary-transition scenario rather than basic animal-protection legislation.","composition":{"start":1989,"end":1989},"dateBasis":"1989 is the edition date printed on the inspected witness. This is a conservative dated reaffirmation, not the first appearance of Singer’s animal-liberation argument; earlier versions require direct textual collation.","publication":{"start":1989,"end":1989},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["singer-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"factory-farming-transition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The quoted passage directly concerns meat production and consumption. The full future assumption that veganism becomes the norm goes beyond what this particular passage establishes about dairy and eggs.","Singer later explicitly advocated vegan eating in Why Vegan? (2020); the future endpoint is a scenario assumption, not his dated prediction."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"singer-animals"},{"id":"korsgaard-animals","figureId":"korsgaard","domainId":"animals","title":"Direct obligations to other animals","summary":"Korsgaard argues that Kantian moral reasoning can ground obligations directly to animals.","composition":{"start":2004,"end":2004},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2004,"end":2004},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["korsgaard-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This records the 2004 written lecture text, not the date of her later 2018 book.","Her view intentionally revises a familiar exclusion in Kant’s own account."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"korsgaard-animals"},{"id":"nussbaum-farmed","figureId":"nussbaum","domainId":"farmed","title":"Factory farming as an injustice","summary":"Nussbaum treats the suffering imposed by factory farming as an issue of justice.","composition":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2021,"end":2021},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["nussbaum-farmed-quote"],"milestoneId":"farm-welfare","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is a securely dated later expression; her earlier animal-justice writing requires separate collation.","Her view demands more than the minimal statutory farm-welfare benchmark; only the common protection component is scored."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"nussbaum-farmed"},{"id":"paul-iii-slavery","figureId":"paul-iii","domainId":"slavery","title":"Rejecting enslavement of Indigenous peoples","summary":"Paul III declares that the peoples described in the bull must not be enslaved.","composition":{"start":1537,"end":1537},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1537,"end":1537},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["paul-iii-slavery-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"Unscored because a prohibition covering named peoples is not equivalent to the benchmark’s general legal abolition.","qualifications":["No universal abolition benchmark is assigned: this prohibition has a specified scope and does not establish opposition to every form of slavery.","A papal document issued under his authority is not proof of sole personal drafting."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"paul-iii-slavery"},{"id":"wesley-slavery","figureId":"wesley","domainId":"slavery","title":"Liberty belongs to every human being","summary":"Wesley condemns hereditary slavery and urges emancipation.","composition":{"start":1774,"end":1774},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1774,"end":1774},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["wesley-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The tract substantially adapts Anthony Benezet. Authored endorsement is evidence of Wesley’s position, not a claim of independent invention."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"wesley-slavery"},{"id":"tolstoy-farmed","figureId":"tolstoy","domainId":"farmed","title":"The moral objection to eating animals","summary":"Tolstoy argues that a sincere moral life should begin by abstaining from animal food.","composition":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1892,"end":1892},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["tolstoy-farmed-quote"],"milestoneId":"factory-farming-transition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The argument for abstaining from animal food is matched to the hypothetical dietary-transition scenario. Vegetarianism supports part of the assumed vegan future, without establishing rejection of dairy and eggs.","The 1892 date follows the witness; an earlier composition date has not been established here."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"tolstoy-farmed"},{"id":"luther-religion","figureId":"luther","domainId":"religion","title":"Persecution of Jewish religious life","summary":"Luther urges the destruction of Jewish places of worship and learning.","composition":{"start":1543,"end":1543},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1543,"end":1543},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["luther-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Historical antisemitic writing is quoted for evidence of the position.","Opposition before the selected benchmark scores zero under the agreed timing rule; zero is not moral approval."],"counterevidence":"His 1523 writing That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew advocated different treatment while retaining conversion as its goal. The separate 1523 record supplies that earlier passage.","revisionOf":"luther-religion-early","episodeId":"luther-religion"},{"id":"fell-women","figureId":"fell","domainId":"women","title":"Women may speak in the church","summary":"Fell defends women’s authority to preach when moved by the Spirit.","composition":{"start":1666,"end":1666},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1666,"end":1666},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["fell-women-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Women’s preaching is not the same reform as suffrage or general civil sex equality. This record is deliberately unscored."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"fell-women"},{"id":"king-racial","figureId":"king","domainId":"racial","title":"Segregation laws degrade personality","summary":"King argues that segregation statutes are unjust and should be resisted.","composition":{"start":1963,"end":1964},"dateBasis":"Letter dated 16 April 1963; this witness includes the author’s note on polishing the text for publication. The 1963–1964 interval preserves uncertainty between the letter and its book version.","publication":{"start":1963,"end":1964},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["king-racial-quote"],"milestoneId":"racial-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["This is a later documented expression, not the origin of King’s opposition to segregation.","The interval includes revision and publication uncertainty rather than pretending this witness is an autograph."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"king-racial"},{"id":"prabhupada-execution","figureId":"prabhupada","domainId":"execution","title":"Capital punishment as beneficial to the offender","summary":"Prabhupada defends execution of a murderer through a karmic account of justice.","composition":{"start":1972,"end":1972},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1972,"end":1972},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["prabhupada-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The selected abolition interval was still in progress in 1972, producing a lag range that includes zero.","The selected Western reforms do not describe the law in India."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"prabhupada-execution"},{"id":"pigliucci-farmed","figureId":"pigliucci","domainId":"farmed","title":"A modern Stoic case for vegetarianism","summary":"Pigliucci argues that modern Stoic reasoning favors vegetarianism to reduce suffering.","composition":{"start":2018,"end":2018},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2018,"end":2018},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["pigliucci-farmed-quote"],"milestoneId":"factory-farming-transition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The argument is a modern revision, not evidence that ancient Stoics endorsed this conclusion.","The explicit vegetarian conclusion supports part of the hypothetical transition, without establishing its full vegan endpoint. It is excluded from historical rankings."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"pigliucci-farmed"},{"id":"mahapragya-animals","figureId":"mahapragya","domainId":"animals","title":"Nonviolence beyond social convenience","summary":"Mahapragya argues that each living being’s experience of pain creates duties of nonviolence.","composition":{"start":1994,"end":1994},"dateBasis":"1994 checked-edition proxy. The underlying lectures and first edition have not yet been dated in this corpus.","publication":{"start":1994,"end":1994},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["mahapragya-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["His religious argument includes living beings more broadly than the sentient animals covered by the British statutes.","No claim is made that he first adopted this view in 1994."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"mahapragya-animals"},{"id":"wang-animals","figureId":"wang","domainId":"animals","title":"Compassion across species","summary":"Wang describes distress at animals’ slaughter as an expression of shared humanity.","composition":{"start":1527,"end":1527},"dateBasis":"Chan’s introduction dates the written Inquiry to about 1527. Publication/circulation is bounded conservatively by composition and the 1572 collected edition listed in SEP; the exact first printing is unresolved.","publication":{"start":1527,"end":1572},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["wang-animals-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Compassion does not by itself establish opposition to slaughter or a proposal for statutory welfare protection. The passage is retained unscored.","The text also extends one-body concern to plants, tiles and stones; it is not simply a sentience-based theory."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"wang-animals"},{"id":"dalai-autonomy","figureId":"dalai-lama","domainId":"colonial","title":"Rights and autonomy for Tibetans","summary":"The Dalai Lama advocates a negotiated political solution securing Tibetan rights within China.","composition":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["dalai-autonomy-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Autonomy within an existing state is not identical to the selected decolonization benchmark. This position remains unscored.","This is a public written statement issued under his name, not evidence of sole personal drafting."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"dalai-autonomy"},{"id":"maududi-racial","figureId":"maududi","domainId":"racial","title":"Rejecting distinctions of race and nationality","summary":"Maududi argues for equality regardless of colour, race or nationality.","composition":{"start":1976,"end":1976},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1976,"end":1976},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["maududi-racial-quote"],"milestoneId":"racial-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["1976 is the publication-year proxy for the work; the linked witness is a later reprint.","His claims about the histories of Islam, the West and Judaism elsewhere in the chapter are polemical assertions and are not adopted as historical facts here."],"counterevidence":"The same chapter defends particular religiously authorized punishments and historical rules for war captives. Universal racial equality must not be read as endorsement of every modern right.","episodeId":"maududi-racial"},{"id":"marx-children","figureId":"marx","domainId":"children","title":"Ending exploitative factory labour by children","summary":"Marx and Engels demand an end to the contemporary form of child factory labour, together with public education.","composition":{"start":1848,"end":1848},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1848,"end":1848},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["marx-children-quote"],"milestoneId":"child-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The selected interval includes both earlier British factory restrictions and later reforms elsewhere. Lead depends on the selected reference case; the calculation below supplies the current values.","Both authors share one quotation and source; this is joint authorship, not two independent discoveries."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"marx-children"},{"id":"engels-children","figureId":"engels","domainId":"children","title":"Ending exploitative factory labour by children","summary":"Marx and Engels demand an end to the contemporary form of child factory labour, together with public education.","composition":{"start":1848,"end":1848},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1848,"end":1848},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["marx-children-quote"],"milestoneId":"child-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The selected interval includes both earlier British factory restrictions and later reforms elsewhere. Lead depends on the selected reference case; the calculation below supplies the current values.","Both authors share one quotation and source; this is joint authorship, not two independent discoveries."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"engels-children"},{"id":"nussbaum-marriage","figureId":"nussbaum","domainId":"marriage","title":"An equal right to marry","summary":"Nussbaum argues for extending civil marriage to same-sex couples.","composition":{"start":2009,"end":2009},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":2009,"end":2009},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["nussbaum-marriage-quote"],"milestoneId":"marriage-equality","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The 2001–2015 reference spans two named jurisdictions, not a claim of simultaneous adoption throughout the West.","This essay preceded her 2010 book From Disgust to Humanity."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"nussbaum-marriage"},{"id":"luther-religion-early","figureId":"luther","domainId":"religion","title":"Kindness as a means of religious conversion","summary":"In 1523 Luther favors brotherly treatment of Jews while explicitly aiming at their conversion.","composition":{"start":1523,"end":1523},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1523,"end":1523},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["luther-religion-early-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Unscored: this tactical and religious appeal does not establish a general right to religious liberty.","Compare his explicit programme of persecution in 1543. The two records preserve the change without presenting early Luther as a modern pluralist."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"luther-religion-early"},{"id":"nietzsche-slavery","figureId":"nietzsche","domainId":"slavery","title":"Slavery and aristocratic culture","summary":"Defends an aristocratic social order dependent on slavery and subordination.","composition":{"start":1886,"end":1886},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1886,"end":1886},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["nietzsche-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Slavery in some form is broader than a specific legal system of chattel slavery. The abolition match is interpretive, not a claim that Nietzsche proposed a particular slave code."],"counterevidence":"The passage is not merely a report of ancient attitudes: §258 prescribes a good conscience about reducing others to slaves and instruments. His opposition to nationalism and antisemitism does not cancel this separate position.","episodeId":"nietzsche-slavery"},{"id":"nietzsche-women","figureId":"nietzsche","domainId":"women","title":"Against women’s equal rights and education","summary":"Rejects equal rights and training for women and advocates their subordination.","composition":{"start":1886,"end":1886},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1886,"end":1886},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["nietzsche-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"§231 frames these remarks as the author’s truths, which complicates philosophical interpretation but does not turn the explicit rejection into an endorsement of equality.","episodeId":"nietzsche-women"},{"id":"bodhi-animals","figureId":"bodhi","domainId":"animals","title":"Animals within the precept against killing","summary":"Explicitly includes animals within the prohibition on taking life.","composition":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bodhi-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The following discussion grades killing humans as more serious than killing animals, and differentiates animals. Equal inclusion does not imply identical moral weight.","episodeId":"bodhi-animals"},{"id":"bodhi-insects","figureId":"bodhi","domainId":"wild","title":"Insects within the moral circle","summary":"Explicitly includes insects among conscious beings protected from killing.","composition":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1981,"end":1981},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bodhi-animals-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"Unscored: a religious precept protecting insects establishes moral concern, but does not establish advocacy of wild-animal welfare statutes or intervention in natural suffering.","qualifications":["Concern for insects is explicit; an obligation to intervene in naturally occurring wild suffering is not established."],"counterevidence":"The following discussion grades killing humans as more serious than killing animals, and differentiates animals. Equal inclusion does not imply identical moral weight.","episodeId":"bodhi-insects"},{"id":"thich-farmed","figureId":"thich-nhat-hanh","domainId":"farmed","title":"Compassionate vegetarianism","summary":"Urges vegetarian practice and explains the animal suffering connected with dairy and eggs.","composition":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"dateBasis":"Letter dated 12 October 2007, addressed publicly to the community.","publication":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["thich-farmed-quote"],"milestoneId":"factory-farming-transition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"thich-farmed"},{"id":"ambedkar-women","figureId":"ambedkar","domainId":"women","title":"Equal access to knowledge","summary":"Affirmatively presents access to knowledge for women and men as Buddhist teaching.","composition":{"start":1951,"end":1956},"dateBasis":"The unpublished preface dated 6 April 1956 describes five years of work. Range 1951–1956; publication 1957.","publication":{"start":1957,"end":1957},"visibility":"private","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["ambedkar-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The unpublished manuscript was intended for publication, not a private diary. The binary visibility filter records it as private before 1957.","The education component of the women’s equality benchmark is the relevant comparison.","Pritchett’s transcription corrects textual problems; it is not a diplomatic manuscript edition."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"ambedkar-women"},{"id":"lipsius-religion","figureId":"lipsius","domainId":"religion","title":"One public religion","summary":"Insists on a single public religion within a kingdom.","composition":{"start":1589,"end":1589},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1589,"end":1589},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["lipsius-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The next chapter makes room for quiet private dissent. Opposition to public pluralism is not evidence that every private dissenter should be executed.","episodeId":"lipsius-religion"},{"id":"becker-slavery","figureId":"becker","domainId":"slavery","title":"Against creating slave populations","summary":"Explicitly rejects creating a docile enslaved population.","composition":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"dateBasis":"2017 checked revised-edition witness; no claim that this precise passage appeared in 1998.","publication":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["becker-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The adjacent argument distinguishes capacities for agency. This passage does not establish equal capacities or identical treatment in every situation.","episodeId":"becker-slavery"},{"id":"becker-women","figureId":"becker","domainId":"women","title":"Against subjugating women","summary":"Explicitly rejects deliberately subjugating women.","composition":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"dateBasis":"2017 checked revised-edition witness; no claim that this precise passage appeared in 1998.","publication":{"start":2017,"end":2017},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["becker-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The adjacent argument distinguishes capacities for agency. This passage does not establish equal capacities or identical treatment in every situation.","episodeId":"becker-women"},{"id":"du-vair-animals","figureId":"du-vair","domainId":"animals","title":"Human-centered natural purposes","summary":"Presents creation as serving human good; this alone does not establish permission for animal cruelty.","composition":{"start":1585,"end":1585},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1585,"end":1585},"visibility":"public","stance":"ambiguous","quotationIds":["du-vair-animals-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Unmatched evidence: anthropocentrism does not by itself oppose animal welfare. No plot or scoring credit."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"du-vair-animals"},{"id":"champat-animals","figureId":"champat-rai-jain","domainId":"animals","title":"Against mistreating animals","summary":"Condemns physical mistreatment of animals as a violation of the first vow.","composition":{"start":1929,"end":1929},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1929,"end":1929},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["champat-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"Allows exceptions concerning a king’s defense of his realm and a judge’s maintenance of law. This is not a blanket abolition of punishment or all killing.","episodeId":"champat-animals"},{"id":"virchand-animals","figureId":"virchand-gandhi","domainId":"animals","title":"Duties toward animals","summary":"Affirms human duties to animals, including care when they suffer.","composition":{"start":1893,"end":1901},"dateBasis":"Undated collected lecture text attributed to the author; broad 1893–1901 international teaching interval. First collected publication 1911, after his death.","publication":{"start":1911,"end":1911},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["virchand-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Posthumously edited lecture text, not an inspected autograph. The date within the interval is unresolved."],"counterevidence":"The argument also ranks humans above animals and appeals to benefits humans receive from them; it does not assert identical status.","episodeId":"virchand-animals"},{"id":"virchand-farmed","figureId":"virchand-gandhi","domainId":"farmed","title":"Against eating animal flesh","summary":"Criticizes eating animals as inconsistent with the gratitude and care humans owe them.","composition":{"start":1893,"end":1901},"dateBasis":"Undated collected lecture text attributed to the author; broad 1893–1901 international teaching interval. First collected publication 1911, after his death.","publication":{"start":1911,"end":1911},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["virchand-farmed-quote"],"milestoneId":"factory-farming-transition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Posthumously edited lecture text, not an inspected autograph. The date within the interval is unresolved."],"counterevidence":"The argument also ranks humans above animals and appeals to benefits humans receive from them; it does not assert identical status.","episodeId":"virchand-farmed"},{"id":"kang-women","figureId":"kang-youwei","domainId":"women","title":"Women as independent persons","summary":"Calls for women’s independent legal status, education and access to occupations.","composition":{"start":1902,"end":1927},"dateBasis":"Draft developed from 1902 with later revisions before death in 1927. Selected parts IV/V were not in the partial 1913 publication.","publication":{"start":1935,"end":1935},"visibility":"private","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["kang-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The same work combines women’s independence with coercive racial homogenization. Both are recorded; universalist rhetoric is not taken as proof of racial equality.","episodeId":"kang-women"},{"id":"kang-racial","figureId":"kang-youwei","domainId":"racial","title":"Coercive racial homogenization","summary":"Proposes forcibly moving Black populations to change their racial characteristics.","composition":{"start":1902,"end":1927},"dateBasis":"Draft developed from 1902 with later revisions before death in 1927. Selected parts IV/V were not in the partial 1913 publication.","publication":{"start":1935,"end":1935},"visibility":"private","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["kang-racial-quote"],"milestoneId":"racial-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The comparison concerns coercive racial inequality, not a claim that the text discusses US civil-rights legislation."],"counterevidence":"The same work combines women’s independence with coercive racial homogenization. Both are recorded; universalist rhetoric is not taken as proof of racial equality.","episodeId":"kang-racial"},{"id":"liang-women","figureId":"liang-qichao","domainId":"women","title":"Comparable education for women","summary":"Calls for education for women comparable to that provided to men.","composition":{"start":1897,"end":1897},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1897,"end":1897},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["liang-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"His rationale emphasizes national wealth and women’s maternal roles, and uses disparaging descriptions of uneducated women. It is not a full endorsement of contemporary feminism.","episodeId":"liang-women"},{"id":"fichte-women","figureId":"fichte","domainId":"women","title":"A husband administers his wife’s rights","summary":"Makes married women legally dependent on their husbands.","composition":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["fichte-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Marital legal dependence is broader than the benchmark’s employment and education provisions; this comparison is qualified."],"counterevidence":"The appendix permits widowed, divorced and independent unmarried women to vote, and allows a wife to act as her husband’s representative in some circumstances. Do not describe this as denying every woman every vote.","episodeId":"fichte-women"},{"id":"fichte-suffrage","figureId":"fichte","domainId":"suffrage","title":"Married women’s indirect voting","summary":"Denies married women an independent vote in their own person.","composition":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1797,"end":1797},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["fichte-suffrage-quote"],"milestoneId":"votes-for-women","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The appendix permits widowed, divorced and independent unmarried women to vote, and allows a wife to act as her husband’s representative in some circumstances. Do not describe this as denying every woman every vote.","episodeId":"fichte-suffrage"},{"id":"cohen-execution","figureId":"cohen","domainId":"execution","title":"No legal justification for capital punishment","summary":"Rejects the legal grounding of the death penalty.","composition":{"start":1904,"end":1904},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1904,"end":1904},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["cohen-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"cohen-execution"},{"id":"rawls-animals","figureId":"rawls","domainId":"animals","title":"Duties against animal cruelty","summary":"Affirms a duty not to be cruel to animals.","composition":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"dateBasis":"Checked revised-edition witness, 1999; no claim about the earliest wording in the 1971 edition.","publication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["rawls-animals-quote"],"milestoneId":"animal-protection","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"Animals fall outside the theory’s scope of justice; this is a duty of compassion rather than a claim to equal contractual rights.","episodeId":"rawls-animals"},{"id":"rawls-religion","figureId":"rawls","domainId":"religion","title":"Equal liberty of conscience","summary":"Defends equal liberty of conscience within justice as fairness.","composition":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"dateBasis":"Checked revised-edition witness, 1999; no claim about the earliest wording in the 1971 edition.","publication":{"start":1999,"end":1999},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["rawls-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"rawls-religion"},{"id":"foot-slavery","figureId":"foot","domainId":"slavery","title":"Justice forbids enslavement","summary":"Treats enslavement as an evil forbidden by justice.","composition":{"start":1991,"end":1991},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1991,"end":1991},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["foot-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The quoted judgment is Foot’s, not Nietzsche’s. Her discussion also distinguishes Nietzsche’s personal gentleness from his written philosophy.","episodeId":"foot-slavery"},{"id":"foot-torture","figureId":"foot","domainId":"torture","title":"Justice forbids torture","summary":"Treats torture as an evil forbidden by justice.","composition":{"start":1991,"end":1991},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1991,"end":1991},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["foot-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"torture-ban","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The quoted judgment is Foot’s, not Nietzsche’s. Her discussion also distinguishes Nietzsche’s personal gentleness from his written philosophy.","episodeId":"foot-torture"},{"id":"anscombe-gay","figureId":"anscombe","domainId":"gay","title":"Moral condemnation is not a criminalization proposal","summary":"Rejects homosexual intercourse within an argument against contraception; no criminal-law proposal is established here.","composition":{"start":1977,"end":1977},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1977,"end":1977},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["anscombe-gay-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["No benchmark assigned: moral disapproval is not equivalent to supporting criminal penalties.","1977 is the checked pamphlet date; no claim that the idea originated then."],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"anscombe-gay"},{"id":"macintyre-slavery","figureId":"macintyre","domainId":"slavery","title":"Rejecting Aristotle’s defense of slavery","summary":"Explicitly rejects Aristotle’s defense of slavery within a reconstruction of virtue ethics.","composition":{"start":1981,"end":2007},"dateBasis":"Passage checked in the 2007 third edition. Composition bounded by the original book (1981) and checked edition (2007); no narrower origin claimed.","publication":{"start":2007,"end":2007},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["macintyre-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The surrounding passage was reviewed. A comprehensive search for contrary passages across the complete corpus remains open.","episodeId":"macintyre-slavery"},{"id":"sartre-torture","figureId":"sartre","domainId":"torture","title":"Torture as a plague","summary":"Condemns torture in the Algerian war and as a wider contemporary evil.","composition":{"start":1958,"end":1958},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1958,"end":1958},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["sartre-torture-quote"],"milestoneId":"torture-ban","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"His later preface to Fanon endorses violent resistance. Condemning torture does not make Sartre a pacifist.","episodeId":"sartre-torture"},{"id":"sartre-colonial","figureId":"sartre","domainId":"colonial","title":"Condemnation of colonial domination","summary":"Addresses European readers as complicit in colonial violence and endorses decolonization.","composition":{"start":1961,"end":1961},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1961,"end":1961},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["sartre-colonial-quote"],"milestoneId":"self-determination","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The preface also justifies violent resistance, including lethal violence against colonizers. This is not a general endorsement of nonviolence.","episodeId":"sartre-colonial"},{"id":"camus-execution","figureId":"camus","domainId":"execution","title":"Immediate abolition of capital punishment","summary":"Argues for immediate abolition of the death penalty.","composition":{"start":1957,"end":1957},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1957,"end":1957},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["camus-execution-quote"],"milestoneId":"execution-abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"He does not reject punishment altogether. His positions on Algeria require separate evidence and are not inferred from this essay.","episodeId":"camus-execution"},{"id":"kierkegaard-women","figureId":"kierkegaard","domainId":"women","title":"Spiritual equality with worldly subordination","summary":"Defends a wife’s submission to her husband and disavows a Christian demand for equal worldly rights.","composition":{"start":1847,"end":1847},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1847,"end":1847},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["kierkegaard-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The benchmark comparison concerns rejection of women’s worldly equality; specific employment provisions are not discussed.","Translation edition remains a bibliographic research gap."],"counterevidence":"Affirms spiritual equality and consent in marriage, while retaining worldly hierarchy. This is a signed work, not a pseudonymous speaker’s position.","episodeId":"kierkegaard-women"},{"id":"iqbal-inheritance","figureId":"iqbal","domainId":"women","title":"Against equal inheritance shares","summary":"Rejects a proposal for equal male and female inheritance shares, defending differentiated economic obligations.","composition":{"start":1929,"end":1934},"dateBasis":"Lecture and edition interval 1929–1934; no collation establishing whether the passage changed between the first and revised editions.","publication":{"start":1930,"end":1934},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["iqbal-inheritance-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No sufficiently equivalent benchmark has been assigned; evidence is retained without a numerical score.","qualifications":["Unmatched: the existing employment/education sex-discrimination benchmark does not abolish differentiated inheritance shares. No fabricated comparison date."],"counterevidence":"Explicitly denies that different shares establish women’s inherent inferiority, appealing instead to men’s financial obligations.","episodeId":"iqbal-inheritance"},{"id":"rida-slavery","figureId":"rida","domainId":"slavery","title":"Allowing limited continuation of slavery","summary":"Allows rulers to retain slavery in limited circumstances instead of requiring unconditional abolition.","composition":{"start":1933,"end":1934},"dateBasis":"Original work and authorial notes dated 1933–1934; English witness published 1996.","publication":{"start":1933,"end":1934},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["rida-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"Emancipation is an ideal and freeing or ransoming captives is permitted. This is an exception-based defense of retaining slavery, not unrestricted approval of slave trading.","episodeId":"rida-slavery"},{"id":"rida-racial","figureId":"rida","domainId":"racial","title":"Against white racial oppression","summary":"Condemns the oppression of other peoples by whites.","composition":{"start":1933,"end":1934},"dateBasis":"Original work and authorial notes dated 1933–1934; English witness published 1996.","publication":{"start":1933,"end":1934},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["rida-racial-quote"],"milestoneId":"racial-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"The subsequent discussion permits limited slavery; condemnation of racial oppression does not establish unconditional abolition.","episodeId":"rida-racial"},{"id":"vivekananda-women","figureId":"vivekananda","domainId":"women","title":"Education for daughters","summary":"Calls for daughters to be educated as sons are, while retaining a chastity-centered model.","composition":{"start":1893,"end":1893},"dateBasis":"Letter dated 28 December 1893. First print publication has not been established; the deliberately broad publication interval ends at the verified 2011 digital witness.","publication":{"start":1893,"end":2011},"visibility":"private","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["vivekananda-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["First-publication uncertainty affects public-writings-only comparisons; the private composition date is secure."],"counterevidence":"Education is linked to Brahmacharya and gendered social ideals. This does not establish endorsement of every contemporary women’s-rights claim.","episodeId":"vivekananda-women"},{"id":"radhakrishnan-religion","figureId":"radhakrishnan","domainId":"religion","title":"Against religious persecution","summary":"Rejects force and persecution as ways of correcting religious error.","composition":{"start":1926,"end":1926},"dateBasis":"Lectures delivered 1926 and first published 1927; inspected 1954 impression.","publication":{"start":1927,"end":1927},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["radhakrishnan-religion-quote"],"milestoneId":"religious-freedom","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"Elsewhere the book defends caste regulation and separate gender roles. Its account of Hindu toleration is an idealized philosophical argument, not evidence that persecution never occurred.","episodeId":"radhakrishnan-religion"},{"id":"mill-slavery","figureId":"mill","domainId":"slavery","title":"Defending emancipation against Carlyle","summary":"Defends the abolition of slavery as a cause of justice and condemns the enslavement of human beings.","composition":{"start":1849,"end":1850},"dateBasis":"Reply to Carlyle’s December 1849 essay, published January 1850. Composition bounded to 1849–1850.","publication":{"start":1850,"end":1850},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["mill-slavery-quote"],"milestoneId":"abolition","evidence":"checked","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["The default multi-country abolition interval spans 1833–1888; the US alternative is 1865. Neither is a claim that abolition first became an idea in those years."],"counterevidence":"The essay defends emancipation in the West Indies. This does not establish that Mill rejected all colonial domination; those positions require separate evidence.","episodeId":"mill-slavery"},{"id":"bentham-suffrage","figureId":"bentham","domainId":"suffrage","title":"Women’s equal claim to the vote—in principle","summary":"Affirms women’s equal utilitarian claim to participation, while withholding a proposal for immediate enfranchisement because of public opposition.","composition":{"start":1818,"end":1830},"dateBasis":"The editor dates the Book I manuscripts to 1818–1830 and explains that they were posthumously assembled. This passage is not assigned the 1830 publication date of the separately published Code proper.","publication":{"start":1843,"end":1843},"visibility":"private","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["bentham-suffrage-quote"],"milestoneId":"votes-for-women","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"The stated position concerns the reform described in the benchmark. Its precise limits and jurisdiction are shown separately.","qualifications":["Qualified support in principle, not an immediate legislative demand. The plotted support concerns the equal claim he expressly recognizes.","Posthumously arranged manuscript material; a precise composition date remains unresolved."],"counterevidence":"Explicitly defers proposing admission because opposition is too general and intense. His enacted model does not grant women the vote. The 1817 Plan likewise questions exclusion but calls a decided opinion premature.","episodeId":"bentham-suffrage"},{"id":"rousseau-women","figureId":"rousseau","domainId":"women","title":"Women’s subordination and different education","summary":"Makes women’s education serve a subordinate role relative to men.","composition":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"dateBasis":"Publication-year proxy: no earlier composition date has been securely established for this passage.","publication":{"start":1762,"end":1762},"visibility":"public","stance":"opposes","quotationIds":["rousseau-women-quote"],"milestoneId":"women-equality","evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"Compared with equal educational opportunity in the women’s equality benchmark; not a specific proposal about voting.","qualifications":[],"counterevidence":"Rousseau acknowledges women’s reasoning and moral capacities and criticizes their degradation. Those qualifications coexist with his explicit prescription of subordination.","episodeId":"rousseau-women"},{"id":"locke-hereditary-slavery","figureId":"locke","domainId":"slavery","title":"Children do not inherit their fathers’ enslavement","summary":"Rejects a conqueror’s right to enslave the children of enslaved fathers. This is a limited rejection of hereditary enslavement, not an explicit demand to abolish Atlantic chattel slavery.","composition":{"start":1689,"end":1689},"dateBasis":"First-publication proxy, late 1689; title-page year 1690. The date of composition of this particular passage is unresolved.","publication":{"start":1689,"end":1690},"visibility":"public","stance":"supports","quotationIds":["locke-hereditary-slavery-quote"],"evidence":"qualified","matchRationale":"No equivalent benchmark: rejecting inherited enslavement in a conquest argument does not establish an explicit position on abolishing ordinary colonial chattel slavery.","qualifications":["Unscored: the verified passage concerns inherited enslavement following conquest; the explorer has no equivalent narrower benchmark.","Carolina primary text: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc05.asp (articles 107 and 110). This collectively issued document is not quoted here as an uncontested personal statement by Locke.","Attribution debate: James Farr (2020), https://doi.org/10.5206/ls.2020.10310; Holly Brewer (2024), https://doi.org/10.5206/ls.2024.17536. Research note: research/LOCKE-SLAVERY.md."],"counterevidence":"The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, articles 107 and 110, protect colonial racial slavery. Locke participated in the document’s preparation, but authorship of its provisions and their status as his personal views are disputed. His Second Treatise still permits enslavement of guilty aggressors; its rejection of inherited enslavement must not be inflated into an explicit colonial abolition programme.","episodeId":"locke-hereditary-slavery"}]}